WORKPLACE TRAINING Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

WORKPLACE TRAINING - Research Paper Example The term is used in a widespread manner in various organizations these days and is one of the vital phenomena for the success of the workplace. Training pertains to the obtaining of skills, knowledge, and competencies as an outcome of the practical or vocational skills and the knowledge that refers to the particular functional competencies. Training at workplace relates to some special goals such as enhancing an individual’s performance, capability and capacity. It builds the basis of apprenticeships and links with the provision of the fundamentals of employee improvement at the organizations. There are various types of training methods and the primary determinants of these types are associated more to the organization’s distinctiveness than to the characteristics of the individual worker. For instance, there are more formal training types provided in the larger organizations than the training modes available to employees in the smaller companies. The small-scale organizations normally encourage employees to engage themselves in self-training. Moreover, it has been observed that the organizations that stress upon the development of employees’ skills offer more diverse opportunities of training than the companies which do not. Moreover, the organizations which possess a greater degree of unpredictability in the software environment are more likely to provide on-line training. The workplace training is an important element in the employee grooming, retention as well as satisfaction. It increases the employee’s commitment to the organization and develops their physical, cognitive and spiritual dimensions. Besides this, training is a significant aspect because it is aimed upon enhancing the employee performance, and contributes towards the organizational flexibility by adapting to the altering external and internal corporate environments. The training process at organization not

Prose Coursework Essay Example for Free

Prose Coursework Essay One of my favourite short stories is The Birds by Daphne du Maurier. This story is set on a farm on the Cornish coast. The story is based on the main character, Nat Hocken and his wife, and their two children, Johnny and Jill. This is all set in the mid 1900s, at the start of December. It all starts on the 3rd of December. The birds were behaving in a strange manner. Their formations were abnormal, and they looked as if they were planning a liberation or attack. Nat notices all of these activities but does not pay any attention. Later that night the birds started to attack the windows. Nat opened the window and lots of birds flew in and started to assault and harm him. Nat thought that it would be the end of the aggression attacks but he was wrong. Day after day the birds begin to attack more and more aggressively very often. Nat starts concluding that the weather definitely has a lot to do with the birds actions. He now realises that all the common children that he had formerly told to run home are probably0 dead. From now on Nats duty was to protect his family only. When the birds finally broke into the childrens bedroom, Nat then began to pitch and hurl punches towards the birds. He then grabs one of the bed sheets and chucks it over the birds. Then he started to hurl a bed sheet around the room bouncing and hitting it off and into the walls until the birds were either severely injured or dead. Nat is very protective because he takes the risk of attack by boarding up the house and getting the supplies from the now deceased neighbours up the road. At the end they have realised that these sequences of events are happening all over the world. Nat theorized on the millions of years of repressed feeling that the birds had towards the human race and other species on planet earth. After realising that the wireless has no unique or any predicament transmissions to the public or even the world about these attacks, the silence was tensile. Nat had now given up any hope of survival from these anarchists who which represented a race in the animal kingdom that we believed was harmless. My next story is A message from the Pig-Man by John Wain. This story is set in early 1900s in what seems to be the city of London. This story is about a young boy called Eric of around the age of six. His parents are separated and he lives with his Mum and her boyfriend, Donald. Eric always imagines that the Pig-Man is almost like a character from a horror story. When he first heard about the Pig-Man, he started to ponder what the Pig-Man would look like. He concentrates various prospectives about the image of the Pig-Man, The Pig-Mans bucket had a handle; so he must carry it in the ordinary way, in his hand-unless, of course, and he walked on all fours and carried it in his mouth. But that wasnt very likely, because if he walked on all fours what difference would there be between him and an ordinary pig? Eric is very imaginative in his quest to find out what the Pig-Man really is. He realises it is better to confront your problems he asks his mum why dad cant live at home. When she cant answer he gets angry and claims that he hates all adults. The main characters are Eric, Donald, Mum, Dad and the Pig Man. In this story Eric is the pushy character. He keeps considering his theories about the Pig Man and is anxious to find out which one is correct. Donald has a small part in this story, but does get caught in the middle of one of Erics interferences where he asks his Mum why cant his Dad and Donald live together in the house. I believe that Donald must have felt very uncomfortable at that moment in time. The Pig Man is the one at the centre of attention in this story. He causes Eric to behave in a ridiculous way but not for a child. At the start the Pig Mans character is almost mysterious, as the adults do not tell us what his image is like; we only hear Erics knowledge of the Pig Man that is at the minimum. Erics dad is the one who confuses Eric about buying the train set and then leaving which leads to Eric questioning why him and Donald cant stay with Eric and his mum. The vernacular in this short story is evocative towards what perceptions you can have about someone or something when at a young age or unaware of the purpose or the appearance of an individual. What is interesting about these two stories is that they deal with problems that the characters must face for themselves and overcome; one the boy doesnt understand why the dad and the mums boyfriend (Donald) cant live together and he doesnt understand the term Pig Man. And the other is that Nat doesnt understand why the birds are attacking the Village and the world. He finds out when they time their attacks when he realises it had something to do with the tides.

The Beginning of the Second World War Essay -- Adolf Hitler, WWII

When the First World War started to come to an end, many people hoped that it would be the last war that Europe had to endure. Unfortunately to many people who lived through the first war, the Second World War surpassed the first in death, scope, brutality, and by the number of people it reached. The roots were not only buried in the First World War, but also in the precious years after it. It was also the result of Axis aggression, a failed peace treaty after the First World War, and the failure of the Allies to stop the expansion and influence of Axis powers. When the First World War started, many people believed that it would be a quick war (Wilkinson 35). To many who looked the combatants, the Entente powers appeared the strongest (35). Though when push came to shove, Germany's industrial might and cracked army came to a shock for the Entente powers (35). The failure of Germany's invasion plan into France, developed by Count Alfred von Schlieffen, lead to trenches being dug by both sides on the Western Front (40). With casualties mounting on both sides, the Germans risked everything in one last offensive into France (68). Defeat would be the collapse of the Central Powers (68). Victory was almost in reach, although the German army could no longer field enough men to attack (69). On September29, 1918, General Erich Ludendorff of the German General Staff, said that only an immediate armistice could save Germany now (69). With mutinies in the navy, revolutions in Bavaria, and the emperor abdicating, Germany signed an armistice ag reement in terms with the Entente powers.( 70). On November 11, 1918, the First World War came to an end.( 70). The end of the war brought a peace treaty that was signed in the Hal... ...sualties. As the Allies slowly pushed the German’s back to Germany, evidence of the Nazi’s racial polices was slowly uncovered. Mass graves and concentration camps slowly began appearing. Soon, people began to realize what they were fighting for and why it was so important to fight that battle. Hitler, with all hope lost, retreated into his bunker in Berlin where he committed suicide during the last few days of the war. Works Cited Mazower, Mark. â€Å"Dark Continent – Europe’s Twentieth Century†. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc, 1998 Wasserstein, Bernard. â€Å"Barbarism & Civilization – A history of Europe in our time†. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007 Wilkinson, James. â€Å"Contemporary Europe, A History Ninth Edition†. New Jersey: Simon & Schuster, 1998 Wright, Mark. â€Å"What they didn’t teach you about World War II†. Navato, CA: Presidio Press, 1998

Keys to success

There are three key foundations to successful online learning: organization, time management and communication. All three of these elements play a role in both my career field and for my online learning. After reading through articles based on these topics, the same underlying theme is apparent and I will discuss how this is used in my career. First, it is highly beneficial to be organized when starting any task or sequence of events for my day.I get to work and read through important e-mails that I may have missed before leaving work the day prior. Then I gather all the information that I need to pass on to my leadership. In my Job, aircraft maintenance, leadership will ask for timeliness, or causes of events. Being organized is crucial to being able to relay information back in a timely manner. Organization also displays professionalism. If you go into a meeting shuffling through papers it won't go as well, as going with all your information on one direct sheet.I also stay organize d by keeping a calendar on my outlook that shows my schedule for the day and any upcoming assignments. Second, there are only 24 hours In a day and work comes with deadlines. On top of deadlines, in my career I attend many different meetings throughout the day. In between these meetings It Is Important to also take care of my people. I use time management to set myself up for success for the day, week, and even month. By having a strict schedule, I know exactly how much free time I have to complete assignments and where I need to be at certain times.Lastly, communication ties organization and time management together with staying engaged with leadership. This adds the extra confidence they have In me and my ability of getting the Job done. I make sure to follow-up to any questions I ay have not been able to answer at the time. I Immediately reply back to e-mails, even If I haven't been able to complete an assignment. Also, If I do need more Information, or more help I am not afraid to ask the right people to get the Information.In conclusion organization, time management, and communication equally play Important roles In my career. They have been preached over and over again by teachers I have had growing up, and have made big Impacts In the way I do business. I will continue to use these as keys to success In my career. Keys to success By Jeannine Second, there are only 24 hours in a day and work comes with deadlines. On top between these meetings it is important to also take care of my people. I use time staying engaged with leadership.This adds the extra confidence they have in me may have not been able to answer at the time. I immediately reply back to e-mails, even if I haven't been able to complete an assignment. Also, if I do need more information, or more help I am not afraid to ask the right people to get the information. Important roles in my career. They have been preached over and over again by teachers I have had growing up, and have made big impa cts in the way I do business. I will continue to use these as keys to success in my career.

Artificial Intelligence and Learning Computers

Artificial Intelligence & Learning Computers Presented by: S. DEEPAKKUMAR Abstract The term artificial intelligence is used to describe a property of machines or programs: the intelligence that the system demonstrates. Among the traits that researchers hope machines will exhibit are reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. Constructing robots that perform intelligent tasks has always been a highly motivating factor for the science and technology of information processing.Unlike philosophy and psychology, which are also concerned with intelligence, AI strives to build intelligent entities such as robots as well as understand them. Although no one can predict the future in detail, it is clear that computers with human-level intelligence (or better) would have a huge impact on our everyday lives and on the future course of civilization Neural Networks have been proposed as an alternative to Symbolic Artificial In telligence in constructing intelligent systems. They are motivated by computation in the brain.Small Threshold computing elements when put together produce powerful information processing machines. In this paper, we put forth the foundational ideas in artificial intelligence and important concepts in Search Techniques, Knowledge Representation, Language Understanding, Machine Learning, Neural Computing and such other disciplines. Artificial Intelligence Starting from a modest but an over ambitious effort in the late 50’s, AI has grown through its share of joys, disappointments and self-realizations. AI deals in science, which deals with creation of machines, which can think like humans and behave rationally.AI has a goal to automate every machine. AI is a very vast field, which spans:  ·Many application domains like Language Processing, Image Processing, Resource Scheduling, Prediction, Diagnosis etc.  ·Many types of technologies like Heuristic Search, Neural Networks, an d Fuzzy Logic etc.  ·Perspectives like solving complex problems and understanding human cognitive processes.  ·Disciplines like Computer Science, Statistics, Psychology, etc. DEFINITION OF INTELLIGENCE & TURING TEST The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing (1950), was designed to provide a satisfactory definition of intelligence.Turing defined intelligent behavior as the ability to achieve human-level performance in all cognitive tasks, sufficient to fool an interrogator. Roughly speaking, the test he proposed is that the computer should be interrogated by a human via a teletype, and passes the test if the interrogator cannot tell if there is a computer or a human at the other end. His theorem (the Church-Turing thesis) states that â€Å"Any effective procedure (or algorithm) can be implemented through a Turing machine. â€Å" Turing machines are abstract mathematical entities that are composed of a tape, a read-write head, and a finite-state machine.The head can either read o r write symbols onto the tape, basically an input-output device. The head can change its position, by either moving left or right. The finite state machine is a memory/central processor that keeps track of which of finitely many states it is currently in. By knowing which state it is currently in, the finite state machine can determine which state to change to next, what symbol to write onto the tape, and which direction the head should move. Requirement of an Artificial Intelligence system No AI system can be called intelligent unless it learns & reasons like a human.Reasoning derives new information from given ones. Areas of Artificial Intelligence Knowledge Representation Importance of knowledge representation was realized during machine translation effort in early 1950’s. Dictionary look up and word replacement was a tedious job. There was ambiguity and ellipsis problem i. e. many words have different meanings. Therefore having a dictionary used for translation was not en ough. One of the major challenges in this field is that a word can have more than one meaning and this can result in ambiguity. E. g. : Consider the following sentence Spirit is strong but flesh is weak.When an AI system was made to convert this sentence into Russian & then back to English, following output was observed. Wine is strong but meat is rotten. Thus we come across two main obstacles. First, it is not easy to take informal knowledge and state it in the formal terms required by logical notation, particularly when the knowledge is less than 100% certain. Second, there is a big difference between being able to solve a problem â€Å"in principle† and doing so in practice. Even problems with just a few dozen facts can exhaust the computational resources of any computer unless it has some guidance as to which reasoning steps to try first.A problem may or may not have a solution. This is why debugging is one of the most challenging jobs faced by programmers today. As the r ule goes, it is impossible to create a program which can predict whether a given program is going to terminate ultimately or not. Development in this part was that algorithms were written using foundational development of vocabulary and dictionary entries. Limitations of the algorithm were found out. Later Formal Systems were developed which contained axioms, rules, theorems and an orderly form of representation was developed. For example, Chess is a formal system.We use rules in our everyday lives and these rules accompany facts. Rules are used to construct an efficient expert system having artificial intelligence. Important components of a Formal System are – Backward Chaining i. e. trying to figure out the content by reading the sentence backward and link each word to another, Explanation Generation i. e. generating an explanation of whatever the system has understood, Inference Engine i. e. submitting an inference or replying to the problem. Reasoning It is to use the sto red information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions.Reasoning means, drawing of conclusion from observations. Reasoning in AI systems work on three principles namely: DEDUCTION: Given 2 events ‘P’ & ‘Q’, if ‘P’ is true then ‘Q’ is also true. E. g. : If it rains, we can’t go for a picnic. INDUCTION: Induction is a process where in , after studying certain facts , we reach to a conclusion. E. g. : Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore Socrates is mortal. ABDUCTION: ‘P’ implies ‘Q’, but ‘Q’ may not always depend on ‘P’. E. g. : If it rains , we can’t go for a picnic. The fact that we are not in a position to go for a picnic does not mean that it is training.There can be other reasons as well. Learning The most important requirement for an AI system is that it should learn from its mistakes. The best way of teaching an AI system is by training & te sting. Training involves teaching of basic principles involved in doing a job. Testing process is the real test of the knowledge acquired by the system wherein we give certain examples & test the intelligence of the system. Examples can be positive or negative. Negative examples are those which are ‘near miss’ of the positive examples. Natural Language Processing (NLP) NLP can be defined as: ? Processing of data in the form of natural language on the computer. I. e. making the computer understand the language a normal human being speaks.  ·It deals with under structured / semi structured data formats and converting them into complete understandable data form. The reasons to process natural language are; Generally – because it is exciting and interesting, Commercially – because of sheer volume of data available online, Technically – because it eases out Computer-Human interaction. NLP helps us in  ·Searching for information in a vast NL (natural language) database. Analysis i. e. extracting structural data from natural language.  ·Generation of structured data.  ·Translation of text from one natural language to other. Example: English to Hindi. Application Spectrum of NLP  ·It provides writing and translational aids.  ·Helps humans to generate Natural Language with proper spelling, grammar, style etc.  ·It allows text mining i. e. information retrieval, search engines text categorization, information extraction.  ·NL interface to database, web software system, and question answer explanation in an expert system.There are four procuring levels in NLP: 1. Lexical – at word level it involves pronunciation errors. 2. Syntactical – at the structure level acquiring knowledge about the grammar and structure of words and sentences. Effective representation and implementation of this allows effective manipulation of language in respect to grammar. This is usually implemented through a parser. 3. Semantic â €“ at the meaning level. 4. Pragmatic – at the context level. Hurdles There are various hurdles in the field of NLP, especially speech processing which result in increase in complexity of the system.We know that, no two people on earth can have similar accent and pronunciations. This difference in style of communicating results in ambiguity. Another major problem in speech processing understands of speech due to word boundary. This can be clearly understood from the following example: I got a plate. / I got up late. Universal Networking Language This is a part of natural language processing. The key feature of a machine having artificial intelligence is its ability to communicate and interact with a human. The only means for communication and interaction is through language.The language being used by the machine should be understood by all humans. Example of such a language is ENGLISH. UNL is an artificially developed language consisting universal word library, universal concepts, universal rules and universal attributes. Necessity of UNL is that a computer needs capability to process knowledge and content recognition. Thus UNL becomes a platform for the computer to communicate and interact. Vision (Visibility Based Robot Path Planning) Consider a moving robot. There are two things, robots have to think and perform while moving from one place to another: . Avoid collision with stationary and moving objects. 2. Find the shortest distance from source to destination. One of the major problems is to find a collision free path amidst obstacles for a robot from its starting position to its destination. To avoid collision two things can be done viz 1) Reduce the object to be moved to a point form. 2) Give the obstacles some extra space. This method is called Mikownski method of path planning. Recognizing the object and matching it with the contents of the image library is another method.It included corresponding matching and depth understanding, edge detec tion using idea of zero crossing and stereo matching for distance estimation. For analysis, it also considers robot as a point body. Second major problem of path planning is to find the shortest path. The robot has to calculate the Euclidean distance between the starting and the ending points. Then it has to form algorithms for computing visibility graphs. These algorithms have certain rules associated with. OJoin lesser number of vertices to reduce complexity. ODivide each object into triangles.OPut a node in each triangle and join all of them. OReduce the unnecessary areas because they might not contribute to the shortest path. OCompute minimum link path and proceed. This problem of deciding shortest path prevails. Robot might be a bulky and a huge object so can’t be realized as a point. Secondly a robot is a mechanical body which can’t turn instantly so it has to follow the procedure of wait-walk-wait-turn-wait-walk—- which is very time-consuming and so not f easible. Therefore shortest distance should have minimum number of turns associated with it.For path planning the robot has to take a snap shot of the area it is going to cover. This snap shot is processed in the above mentioned ways and then the robot moves. But then the view changes with every step taken. So it has to do the calculation at every step it takes which is very time consuming and tedious. Experts decided to make the robot take the snap shot of the viewable distance and decide the path. But this again becomes a problem because the device used for viewing will have certain limitation of distance. Then these experts came to a conclusion that the robot be given a fixed parameter i. . take to take the snap shot of a fixed distance say 10 meters, analyze it and decide the shortest path. Neural-networks Neural networks are computational consisting of simple nodes, called units or processing elements which are linked by weighted connections. A neural network maps input to outp ut data in terms of its own internal connectivity. The term neural network derives from the obvious nervous system analogy of the human brain with processing elements serving as neurons and connection weights equivalent to the variable synaptic strengths.Synapses are connections between neurons – they are not physical connections, but miniscule gaps that allow electric signals to jump across from neuron to neuron. Dendrites carry the signals out to the various synapses, and the cycle repeats. Let us take an example of a neuron: It uses a simple computational technique which can be defined as follows y= 0 if ? Wi Xi ? Where ? is threshold value Wi is weight Xi is input Now this neuron can be trained to perform a particular logical operation like AND. The equivalent neural network simulation for AND function is given on the left and its equation format on the right.Perceptron training convergence theorem Whatever be the initial choice of the weights, the PTA will eventually con verge by finding the correct weight values provided the function being trained is linearly separable. This implies Perceptron Training Algorithm will absorb the threshold with negative weight. ? Wi Xi + (-1) ? ? 0 A B Y 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 W1 + 0 W2 =0 (< ? ) 0 W1 +1 W2 =0 (< ? ) 1 W1 +0 W2 =0 (< ? ) 1 W1 +1 W2 =1 (>? ) 0 W1 + 0 W2 =0 < ? 0 W1 +1 W2 =1 > ? 1 W1 +0 W2 =1 > ? 1 W1 +1 W2 =0 < ?Conclusion AI combined with various techniques in neural networks, fuzzy logic and natural language processing will be able to revolutionize the future of machines and it will transform the mechanical devices helping humans into intelligent rational robots having emotions. Expert systems like Mycin can help doctors in diagnosing patients. AI systems can also help us in making airline enquiries and bookings using speech rather than menus. Unmanned cars moving about in the city would be reality with further advancements in AI systems.Also with the advent of VLSI techniques, FPGA chips are bei ng used in neural networks. The future of AI in making intelligent machines looks incredible but some kind of spiritual understanding will have to be inculcated into the machines so that their decision making is governed by some principles and boundaries. References 1. Department of Computer Science & Engineering – Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay 2. AI – Rich & Knight 3. Principles of AI – N J Nelson 4. Neural Systems for Robotics – Omid Omidvar 5. http://www. elsevier. nl/locate/artint 6. http://library. thinkquest. org/18242/essays. shtml

Free Essays on Laws Of Life

, and they learn to behave when they have had a spanked. When school starts they learn colors, to count to ten, and the alphabet. Then, after a while, that day comes when they learn that not everyone is trustworthy, and that there are people in the world that hurt others. For some, this is learned quicker than for others. Whether it is a friend that treats them poorly or a parent that can’t deal with his or her problems without hurting someone, the time comes in life when many lessons are learned. Morals, beliefs, values, and the laws of life, are the next thing to be accepted in life. These things are different from the things that have already been learned by everyone. These are things that not everyone agrees on completely, things that separate so many different types of people. It often separates churches, political groups, and other organizations. Many times, different people’s perception of what’s good and bad, or what’s right and wrong,is the deciding factor on friendships, relationships, and how people are classifying into groups. These â€Å"Laws of Life† that are accepted by each separate person because of different influences and personal experiences. One person may have one belief that another doesn’t simply because of a certain experience . Others may never experience a certain thing, therefore, they may not regard that part of life to be important because it hasn’t pertained to them. My parents and church were where I learned many of the laws of life. The golden rule, as well as many other lessons that children learn, is one thing that I still cherish and attempt to use daily. 2 Remembering all the thi... Free Essays on Laws Of Life Free Essays on Laws Of Life For every person, life’s lesson are learned from the day they are born all the way up until the day that they die. Small babies and toddlers learn from their parents, siblings, and whomever else that they are exposed to. They learn to crawl, say a few words, and they learn to behave when they have had a spanked. When school starts they learn colors, to count to ten, and the alphabet. Then, after a while, that day comes when they learn that not everyone is trustworthy, and that there are people in the world that hurt others. For some, this is learned quicker than for others. Whether it is a friend that treats them poorly or a parent that can’t deal with his or her problems without hurting someone, the time comes in life when many lessons are learned. Morals, beliefs, values, and the laws of life, are the next thing to be accepted in life. These things are different from the things that have already been learned by everyone. These are things that not everyone agrees on completely, things that separate so many different types of people. It often separates churches, political groups, and other organizations. Many times, different people’s perception of what’s good and bad, or what’s right and wrong,is the deciding factor on friendships, relationships, and how people are classifying into groups. These â€Å"Laws of Life† that are accepted by each separate person because of different influences and personal experiences. One person may have one belief that another doesn’t simply because of a certain experience . Others may never experience a certain thing, therefore, they may not regard that part of life to be important because it hasn’t pertained to them. My parents and church were where I learned many of the laws of life. The golden rule, as well as many other lessons that children learn, is one thing that I still cherish and attempt to use daily. 2 Remembering all the thi...

Free Essays on Earth Sciende

Atmosphere Gas – Nitrogen (most abundant), oxygen, / carbon dioxide – has the ability to absorb heat radiated by earth, water vapor Atmosphere Pressure is in MB – Atmosphere pressure in the PPI – Atmosphere pressure at sea level – slightly more 1000 millibars, pressure decrease with altitude 3.5 miles 50% atmosphere is below 10 miles 90% atmosphere is below Atmospheric carbon dioxide is transparent to incoming Short-Wavelength solar radiation. But it is not transparent to some of the Long –Wavelength outgoing terrestrial radiation. Ozone –combines 3 atom oxygen (03) / concentrate between 10-50 kilometers above the stratosphere / absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation Thermosphere – upper limit - Mesosphere – temperature decreases - Stratosphere – above the troposphere – temperature increases at top Troposphere – lowermost layer - all important weather phenomena occur - temperature decreases with altitude *** - There is pause in between each Equinoxes – occur midway between the solstice - length day equal night - Sept 22-23 march 21-22(spring) Sun angles – near water climate = cool summer, warmer winter Northern hemisphere – June 21-22 (summer) – December 21-22 (winter) Heat transferred in our Earth System -Conduction – transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity Convection – transfer of heat by the movement of al mass or substance for on place to another Radiation – transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves Climate – Air Mass – Equatorial low – rising air – abundant precipitation Subtropical high – stable - dry air SubPolar low – warm and cold winds interact – polar front – area of storms Polar high – cold, subsiding air Leeward side of the mountains – usually deficient in moisture Clouds - Cirrus – high, white, thin wispy fibers/ Cumulus – globular, individual cloud masses/ Stratus – sheets or l... Free Essays on Earth Sciende Free Essays on Earth Sciende Atmosphere Gas – Nitrogen (most abundant), oxygen, / carbon dioxide – has the ability to absorb heat radiated by earth, water vapor Atmosphere Pressure is in MB – Atmosphere pressure in the PPI – Atmosphere pressure at sea level – slightly more 1000 millibars, pressure decrease with altitude 3.5 miles 50% atmosphere is below 10 miles 90% atmosphere is below Atmospheric carbon dioxide is transparent to incoming Short-Wavelength solar radiation. But it is not transparent to some of the Long –Wavelength outgoing terrestrial radiation. Ozone –combines 3 atom oxygen (03) / concentrate between 10-50 kilometers above the stratosphere / absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation Thermosphere – upper limit - Mesosphere – temperature decreases - Stratosphere – above the troposphere – temperature increases at top Troposphere – lowermost layer - all important weather phenomena occur - temperature decreases with altitude *** - There is pause in between each Equinoxes – occur midway between the solstice - length day equal night - Sept 22-23 march 21-22(spring) Sun angles – near water climate = cool summer, warmer winter Northern hemisphere – June 21-22 (summer) – December 21-22 (winter) Heat transferred in our Earth System -Conduction – transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity Convection – transfer of heat by the movement of al mass or substance for on place to another Radiation – transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves Climate – Air Mass – Equatorial low – rising air – abundant precipitation Subtropical high – stable - dry air SubPolar low – warm and cold winds interact – polar front – area of storms Polar high – cold, subsiding air Leeward side of the mountains – usually deficient in moisture Clouds - Cirrus – high, white, thin wispy fibers/ Cumulus – globular, individual cloud masses/ Stratus – sheets or l...