WORKPLACE TRAINING Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

WORKPLACE TRAINING - Research Paper Example The term is used in a widespread manner in various organizations these days and is one of the vital phenomena for the success of the workplace. Training pertains to the obtaining of skills, knowledge, and competencies as an outcome of the practical or vocational skills and the knowledge that refers to the particular functional competencies. Training at workplace relates to some special goals such as enhancing an individual’s performance, capability and capacity. It builds the basis of apprenticeships and links with the provision of the fundamentals of employee improvement at the organizations. There are various types of training methods and the primary determinants of these types are associated more to the organization’s distinctiveness than to the characteristics of the individual worker. For instance, there are more formal training types provided in the larger organizations than the training modes available to employees in the smaller companies. The small-scale organizations normally encourage employees to engage themselves in self-training. Moreover, it has been observed that the organizations that stress upon the development of employees’ skills offer more diverse opportunities of training than the companies which do not. Moreover, the organizations which possess a greater degree of unpredictability in the software environment are more likely to provide on-line training. The workplace training is an important element in the employee grooming, retention as well as satisfaction. It increases the employee’s commitment to the organization and develops their physical, cognitive and spiritual dimensions. Besides this, training is a significant aspect because it is aimed upon enhancing the employee performance, and contributes towards the organizational flexibility by adapting to the altering external and internal corporate environments. The training process at organization not

Prose Coursework Essay Example for Free

Prose Coursework Essay One of my favourite short stories is The Birds by Daphne du Maurier. This story is set on a farm on the Cornish coast. The story is based on the main character, Nat Hocken and his wife, and their two children, Johnny and Jill. This is all set in the mid 1900s, at the start of December. It all starts on the 3rd of December. The birds were behaving in a strange manner. Their formations were abnormal, and they looked as if they were planning a liberation or attack. Nat notices all of these activities but does not pay any attention. Later that night the birds started to attack the windows. Nat opened the window and lots of birds flew in and started to assault and harm him. Nat thought that it would be the end of the aggression attacks but he was wrong. Day after day the birds begin to attack more and more aggressively very often. Nat starts concluding that the weather definitely has a lot to do with the birds actions. He now realises that all the common children that he had formerly told to run home are probably0 dead. From now on Nats duty was to protect his family only. When the birds finally broke into the childrens bedroom, Nat then began to pitch and hurl punches towards the birds. He then grabs one of the bed sheets and chucks it over the birds. Then he started to hurl a bed sheet around the room bouncing and hitting it off and into the walls until the birds were either severely injured or dead. Nat is very protective because he takes the risk of attack by boarding up the house and getting the supplies from the now deceased neighbours up the road. At the end they have realised that these sequences of events are happening all over the world. Nat theorized on the millions of years of repressed feeling that the birds had towards the human race and other species on planet earth. After realising that the wireless has no unique or any predicament transmissions to the public or even the world about these attacks, the silence was tensile. Nat had now given up any hope of survival from these anarchists who which represented a race in the animal kingdom that we believed was harmless. My next story is A message from the Pig-Man by John Wain. This story is set in early 1900s in what seems to be the city of London. This story is about a young boy called Eric of around the age of six. His parents are separated and he lives with his Mum and her boyfriend, Donald. Eric always imagines that the Pig-Man is almost like a character from a horror story. When he first heard about the Pig-Man, he started to ponder what the Pig-Man would look like. He concentrates various prospectives about the image of the Pig-Man, The Pig-Mans bucket had a handle; so he must carry it in the ordinary way, in his hand-unless, of course, and he walked on all fours and carried it in his mouth. But that wasnt very likely, because if he walked on all fours what difference would there be between him and an ordinary pig? Eric is very imaginative in his quest to find out what the Pig-Man really is. He realises it is better to confront your problems he asks his mum why dad cant live at home. When she cant answer he gets angry and claims that he hates all adults. The main characters are Eric, Donald, Mum, Dad and the Pig Man. In this story Eric is the pushy character. He keeps considering his theories about the Pig Man and is anxious to find out which one is correct. Donald has a small part in this story, but does get caught in the middle of one of Erics interferences where he asks his Mum why cant his Dad and Donald live together in the house. I believe that Donald must have felt very uncomfortable at that moment in time. The Pig Man is the one at the centre of attention in this story. He causes Eric to behave in a ridiculous way but not for a child. At the start the Pig Mans character is almost mysterious, as the adults do not tell us what his image is like; we only hear Erics knowledge of the Pig Man that is at the minimum. Erics dad is the one who confuses Eric about buying the train set and then leaving which leads to Eric questioning why him and Donald cant stay with Eric and his mum. The vernacular in this short story is evocative towards what perceptions you can have about someone or something when at a young age or unaware of the purpose or the appearance of an individual. What is interesting about these two stories is that they deal with problems that the characters must face for themselves and overcome; one the boy doesnt understand why the dad and the mums boyfriend (Donald) cant live together and he doesnt understand the term Pig Man. And the other is that Nat doesnt understand why the birds are attacking the Village and the world. He finds out when they time their attacks when he realises it had something to do with the tides.

The Beginning of the Second World War Essay -- Adolf Hitler, WWII

When the First World War started to come to an end, many people hoped that it would be the last war that Europe had to endure. Unfortunately to many people who lived through the first war, the Second World War surpassed the first in death, scope, brutality, and by the number of people it reached. The roots were not only buried in the First World War, but also in the precious years after it. It was also the result of Axis aggression, a failed peace treaty after the First World War, and the failure of the Allies to stop the expansion and influence of Axis powers. When the First World War started, many people believed that it would be a quick war (Wilkinson 35). To many who looked the combatants, the Entente powers appeared the strongest (35). Though when push came to shove, Germany's industrial might and cracked army came to a shock for the Entente powers (35). The failure of Germany's invasion plan into France, developed by Count Alfred von Schlieffen, lead to trenches being dug by both sides on the Western Front (40). With casualties mounting on both sides, the Germans risked everything in one last offensive into France (68). Defeat would be the collapse of the Central Powers (68). Victory was almost in reach, although the German army could no longer field enough men to attack (69). On September29, 1918, General Erich Ludendorff of the German General Staff, said that only an immediate armistice could save Germany now (69). With mutinies in the navy, revolutions in Bavaria, and the emperor abdicating, Germany signed an armistice ag reement in terms with the Entente powers.( 70). On November 11, 1918, the First World War came to an end.( 70). The end of the war brought a peace treaty that was signed in the Hal... ...sualties. As the Allies slowly pushed the German’s back to Germany, evidence of the Nazi’s racial polices was slowly uncovered. Mass graves and concentration camps slowly began appearing. Soon, people began to realize what they were fighting for and why it was so important to fight that battle. Hitler, with all hope lost, retreated into his bunker in Berlin where he committed suicide during the last few days of the war. Works Cited Mazower, Mark. â€Å"Dark Continent – Europe’s Twentieth Century†. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc, 1998 Wasserstein, Bernard. â€Å"Barbarism & Civilization – A history of Europe in our time†. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007 Wilkinson, James. â€Å"Contemporary Europe, A History Ninth Edition†. New Jersey: Simon & Schuster, 1998 Wright, Mark. â€Å"What they didn’t teach you about World War II†. Navato, CA: Presidio Press, 1998

Keys to success

There are three key foundations to successful online learning: organization, time management and communication. All three of these elements play a role in both my career field and for my online learning. After reading through articles based on these topics, the same underlying theme is apparent and I will discuss how this is used in my career. First, it is highly beneficial to be organized when starting any task or sequence of events for my day.I get to work and read through important e-mails that I may have missed before leaving work the day prior. Then I gather all the information that I need to pass on to my leadership. In my Job, aircraft maintenance, leadership will ask for timeliness, or causes of events. Being organized is crucial to being able to relay information back in a timely manner. Organization also displays professionalism. If you go into a meeting shuffling through papers it won't go as well, as going with all your information on one direct sheet.I also stay organize d by keeping a calendar on my outlook that shows my schedule for the day and any upcoming assignments. Second, there are only 24 hours In a day and work comes with deadlines. On top of deadlines, in my career I attend many different meetings throughout the day. In between these meetings It Is Important to also take care of my people. I use time management to set myself up for success for the day, week, and even month. By having a strict schedule, I know exactly how much free time I have to complete assignments and where I need to be at certain times.Lastly, communication ties organization and time management together with staying engaged with leadership. This adds the extra confidence they have In me and my ability of getting the Job done. I make sure to follow-up to any questions I ay have not been able to answer at the time. I Immediately reply back to e-mails, even If I haven't been able to complete an assignment. Also, If I do need more Information, or more help I am not afraid to ask the right people to get the Information.In conclusion organization, time management, and communication equally play Important roles In my career. They have been preached over and over again by teachers I have had growing up, and have made big Impacts In the way I do business. I will continue to use these as keys to success In my career. Keys to success By Jeannine Second, there are only 24 hours in a day and work comes with deadlines. On top between these meetings it is important to also take care of my people. I use time staying engaged with leadership.This adds the extra confidence they have in me may have not been able to answer at the time. I immediately reply back to e-mails, even if I haven't been able to complete an assignment. Also, if I do need more information, or more help I am not afraid to ask the right people to get the information. Important roles in my career. They have been preached over and over again by teachers I have had growing up, and have made big impa cts in the way I do business. I will continue to use these as keys to success in my career.

Artificial Intelligence and Learning Computers

Artificial Intelligence & Learning Computers Presented by: S. DEEPAKKUMAR Abstract The term artificial intelligence is used to describe a property of machines or programs: the intelligence that the system demonstrates. Among the traits that researchers hope machines will exhibit are reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. Constructing robots that perform intelligent tasks has always been a highly motivating factor for the science and technology of information processing.Unlike philosophy and psychology, which are also concerned with intelligence, AI strives to build intelligent entities such as robots as well as understand them. Although no one can predict the future in detail, it is clear that computers with human-level intelligence (or better) would have a huge impact on our everyday lives and on the future course of civilization Neural Networks have been proposed as an alternative to Symbolic Artificial In telligence in constructing intelligent systems. They are motivated by computation in the brain.Small Threshold computing elements when put together produce powerful information processing machines. In this paper, we put forth the foundational ideas in artificial intelligence and important concepts in Search Techniques, Knowledge Representation, Language Understanding, Machine Learning, Neural Computing and such other disciplines. Artificial Intelligence Starting from a modest but an over ambitious effort in the late 50’s, AI has grown through its share of joys, disappointments and self-realizations. AI deals in science, which deals with creation of machines, which can think like humans and behave rationally.AI has a goal to automate every machine. AI is a very vast field, which spans:  ·Many application domains like Language Processing, Image Processing, Resource Scheduling, Prediction, Diagnosis etc.  ·Many types of technologies like Heuristic Search, Neural Networks, an d Fuzzy Logic etc.  ·Perspectives like solving complex problems and understanding human cognitive processes.  ·Disciplines like Computer Science, Statistics, Psychology, etc. DEFINITION OF INTELLIGENCE & TURING TEST The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing (1950), was designed to provide a satisfactory definition of intelligence.Turing defined intelligent behavior as the ability to achieve human-level performance in all cognitive tasks, sufficient to fool an interrogator. Roughly speaking, the test he proposed is that the computer should be interrogated by a human via a teletype, and passes the test if the interrogator cannot tell if there is a computer or a human at the other end. His theorem (the Church-Turing thesis) states that â€Å"Any effective procedure (or algorithm) can be implemented through a Turing machine. â€Å" Turing machines are abstract mathematical entities that are composed of a tape, a read-write head, and a finite-state machine.The head can either read o r write symbols onto the tape, basically an input-output device. The head can change its position, by either moving left or right. The finite state machine is a memory/central processor that keeps track of which of finitely many states it is currently in. By knowing which state it is currently in, the finite state machine can determine which state to change to next, what symbol to write onto the tape, and which direction the head should move. Requirement of an Artificial Intelligence system No AI system can be called intelligent unless it learns & reasons like a human.Reasoning derives new information from given ones. Areas of Artificial Intelligence Knowledge Representation Importance of knowledge representation was realized during machine translation effort in early 1950’s. Dictionary look up and word replacement was a tedious job. There was ambiguity and ellipsis problem i. e. many words have different meanings. Therefore having a dictionary used for translation was not en ough. One of the major challenges in this field is that a word can have more than one meaning and this can result in ambiguity. E. g. : Consider the following sentence Spirit is strong but flesh is weak.When an AI system was made to convert this sentence into Russian & then back to English, following output was observed. Wine is strong but meat is rotten. Thus we come across two main obstacles. First, it is not easy to take informal knowledge and state it in the formal terms required by logical notation, particularly when the knowledge is less than 100% certain. Second, there is a big difference between being able to solve a problem â€Å"in principle† and doing so in practice. Even problems with just a few dozen facts can exhaust the computational resources of any computer unless it has some guidance as to which reasoning steps to try first.A problem may or may not have a solution. This is why debugging is one of the most challenging jobs faced by programmers today. As the r ule goes, it is impossible to create a program which can predict whether a given program is going to terminate ultimately or not. Development in this part was that algorithms were written using foundational development of vocabulary and dictionary entries. Limitations of the algorithm were found out. Later Formal Systems were developed which contained axioms, rules, theorems and an orderly form of representation was developed. For example, Chess is a formal system.We use rules in our everyday lives and these rules accompany facts. Rules are used to construct an efficient expert system having artificial intelligence. Important components of a Formal System are – Backward Chaining i. e. trying to figure out the content by reading the sentence backward and link each word to another, Explanation Generation i. e. generating an explanation of whatever the system has understood, Inference Engine i. e. submitting an inference or replying to the problem. Reasoning It is to use the sto red information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions.Reasoning means, drawing of conclusion from observations. Reasoning in AI systems work on three principles namely: DEDUCTION: Given 2 events ‘P’ & ‘Q’, if ‘P’ is true then ‘Q’ is also true. E. g. : If it rains, we can’t go for a picnic. INDUCTION: Induction is a process where in , after studying certain facts , we reach to a conclusion. E. g. : Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore Socrates is mortal. ABDUCTION: ‘P’ implies ‘Q’, but ‘Q’ may not always depend on ‘P’. E. g. : If it rains , we can’t go for a picnic. The fact that we are not in a position to go for a picnic does not mean that it is training.There can be other reasons as well. Learning The most important requirement for an AI system is that it should learn from its mistakes. The best way of teaching an AI system is by training & te sting. Training involves teaching of basic principles involved in doing a job. Testing process is the real test of the knowledge acquired by the system wherein we give certain examples & test the intelligence of the system. Examples can be positive or negative. Negative examples are those which are ‘near miss’ of the positive examples. Natural Language Processing (NLP) NLP can be defined as: ? Processing of data in the form of natural language on the computer. I. e. making the computer understand the language a normal human being speaks.  ·It deals with under structured / semi structured data formats and converting them into complete understandable data form. The reasons to process natural language are; Generally – because it is exciting and interesting, Commercially – because of sheer volume of data available online, Technically – because it eases out Computer-Human interaction. NLP helps us in  ·Searching for information in a vast NL (natural language) database. Analysis i. e. extracting structural data from natural language.  ·Generation of structured data.  ·Translation of text from one natural language to other. Example: English to Hindi. Application Spectrum of NLP  ·It provides writing and translational aids.  ·Helps humans to generate Natural Language with proper spelling, grammar, style etc.  ·It allows text mining i. e. information retrieval, search engines text categorization, information extraction.  ·NL interface to database, web software system, and question answer explanation in an expert system.There are four procuring levels in NLP: 1. Lexical – at word level it involves pronunciation errors. 2. Syntactical – at the structure level acquiring knowledge about the grammar and structure of words and sentences. Effective representation and implementation of this allows effective manipulation of language in respect to grammar. This is usually implemented through a parser. 3. Semantic â €“ at the meaning level. 4. Pragmatic – at the context level. Hurdles There are various hurdles in the field of NLP, especially speech processing which result in increase in complexity of the system.We know that, no two people on earth can have similar accent and pronunciations. This difference in style of communicating results in ambiguity. Another major problem in speech processing understands of speech due to word boundary. This can be clearly understood from the following example: I got a plate. / I got up late. Universal Networking Language This is a part of natural language processing. The key feature of a machine having artificial intelligence is its ability to communicate and interact with a human. The only means for communication and interaction is through language.The language being used by the machine should be understood by all humans. Example of such a language is ENGLISH. UNL is an artificially developed language consisting universal word library, universal concepts, universal rules and universal attributes. Necessity of UNL is that a computer needs capability to process knowledge and content recognition. Thus UNL becomes a platform for the computer to communicate and interact. Vision (Visibility Based Robot Path Planning) Consider a moving robot. There are two things, robots have to think and perform while moving from one place to another: . Avoid collision with stationary and moving objects. 2. Find the shortest distance from source to destination. One of the major problems is to find a collision free path amidst obstacles for a robot from its starting position to its destination. To avoid collision two things can be done viz 1) Reduce the object to be moved to a point form. 2) Give the obstacles some extra space. This method is called Mikownski method of path planning. Recognizing the object and matching it with the contents of the image library is another method.It included corresponding matching and depth understanding, edge detec tion using idea of zero crossing and stereo matching for distance estimation. For analysis, it also considers robot as a point body. Second major problem of path planning is to find the shortest path. The robot has to calculate the Euclidean distance between the starting and the ending points. Then it has to form algorithms for computing visibility graphs. These algorithms have certain rules associated with. OJoin lesser number of vertices to reduce complexity. ODivide each object into triangles.OPut a node in each triangle and join all of them. OReduce the unnecessary areas because they might not contribute to the shortest path. OCompute minimum link path and proceed. This problem of deciding shortest path prevails. Robot might be a bulky and a huge object so can’t be realized as a point. Secondly a robot is a mechanical body which can’t turn instantly so it has to follow the procedure of wait-walk-wait-turn-wait-walk—- which is very time-consuming and so not f easible. Therefore shortest distance should have minimum number of turns associated with it.For path planning the robot has to take a snap shot of the area it is going to cover. This snap shot is processed in the above mentioned ways and then the robot moves. But then the view changes with every step taken. So it has to do the calculation at every step it takes which is very time consuming and tedious. Experts decided to make the robot take the snap shot of the viewable distance and decide the path. But this again becomes a problem because the device used for viewing will have certain limitation of distance. Then these experts came to a conclusion that the robot be given a fixed parameter i. . take to take the snap shot of a fixed distance say 10 meters, analyze it and decide the shortest path. Neural-networks Neural networks are computational consisting of simple nodes, called units or processing elements which are linked by weighted connections. A neural network maps input to outp ut data in terms of its own internal connectivity. The term neural network derives from the obvious nervous system analogy of the human brain with processing elements serving as neurons and connection weights equivalent to the variable synaptic strengths.Synapses are connections between neurons – they are not physical connections, but miniscule gaps that allow electric signals to jump across from neuron to neuron. Dendrites carry the signals out to the various synapses, and the cycle repeats. Let us take an example of a neuron: It uses a simple computational technique which can be defined as follows y= 0 if ? Wi Xi ? Where ? is threshold value Wi is weight Xi is input Now this neuron can be trained to perform a particular logical operation like AND. The equivalent neural network simulation for AND function is given on the left and its equation format on the right.Perceptron training convergence theorem Whatever be the initial choice of the weights, the PTA will eventually con verge by finding the correct weight values provided the function being trained is linearly separable. This implies Perceptron Training Algorithm will absorb the threshold with negative weight. ? Wi Xi + (-1) ? ? 0 A B Y 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 W1 + 0 W2 =0 (< ? ) 0 W1 +1 W2 =0 (< ? ) 1 W1 +0 W2 =0 (< ? ) 1 W1 +1 W2 =1 (>? ) 0 W1 + 0 W2 =0 < ? 0 W1 +1 W2 =1 > ? 1 W1 +0 W2 =1 > ? 1 W1 +1 W2 =0 < ?Conclusion AI combined with various techniques in neural networks, fuzzy logic and natural language processing will be able to revolutionize the future of machines and it will transform the mechanical devices helping humans into intelligent rational robots having emotions. Expert systems like Mycin can help doctors in diagnosing patients. AI systems can also help us in making airline enquiries and bookings using speech rather than menus. Unmanned cars moving about in the city would be reality with further advancements in AI systems.Also with the advent of VLSI techniques, FPGA chips are bei ng used in neural networks. The future of AI in making intelligent machines looks incredible but some kind of spiritual understanding will have to be inculcated into the machines so that their decision making is governed by some principles and boundaries. References 1. Department of Computer Science & Engineering – Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay 2. AI – Rich & Knight 3. Principles of AI – N J Nelson 4. Neural Systems for Robotics – Omid Omidvar 5. http://www. elsevier. nl/locate/artint 6. http://library. thinkquest. org/18242/essays. shtml

Free Essays on Laws Of Life

, and they learn to behave when they have had a spanked. When school starts they learn colors, to count to ten, and the alphabet. Then, after a while, that day comes when they learn that not everyone is trustworthy, and that there are people in the world that hurt others. For some, this is learned quicker than for others. Whether it is a friend that treats them poorly or a parent that can’t deal with his or her problems without hurting someone, the time comes in life when many lessons are learned. Morals, beliefs, values, and the laws of life, are the next thing to be accepted in life. These things are different from the things that have already been learned by everyone. These are things that not everyone agrees on completely, things that separate so many different types of people. It often separates churches, political groups, and other organizations. Many times, different people’s perception of what’s good and bad, or what’s right and wrong,is the deciding factor on friendships, relationships, and how people are classifying into groups. These â€Å"Laws of Life† that are accepted by each separate person because of different influences and personal experiences. One person may have one belief that another doesn’t simply because of a certain experience . Others may never experience a certain thing, therefore, they may not regard that part of life to be important because it hasn’t pertained to them. My parents and church were where I learned many of the laws of life. The golden rule, as well as many other lessons that children learn, is one thing that I still cherish and attempt to use daily. 2 Remembering all the thi... Free Essays on Laws Of Life Free Essays on Laws Of Life For every person, life’s lesson are learned from the day they are born all the way up until the day that they die. Small babies and toddlers learn from their parents, siblings, and whomever else that they are exposed to. They learn to crawl, say a few words, and they learn to behave when they have had a spanked. When school starts they learn colors, to count to ten, and the alphabet. Then, after a while, that day comes when they learn that not everyone is trustworthy, and that there are people in the world that hurt others. For some, this is learned quicker than for others. Whether it is a friend that treats them poorly or a parent that can’t deal with his or her problems without hurting someone, the time comes in life when many lessons are learned. Morals, beliefs, values, and the laws of life, are the next thing to be accepted in life. These things are different from the things that have already been learned by everyone. These are things that not everyone agrees on completely, things that separate so many different types of people. It often separates churches, political groups, and other organizations. Many times, different people’s perception of what’s good and bad, or what’s right and wrong,is the deciding factor on friendships, relationships, and how people are classifying into groups. These â€Å"Laws of Life† that are accepted by each separate person because of different influences and personal experiences. One person may have one belief that another doesn’t simply because of a certain experience . Others may never experience a certain thing, therefore, they may not regard that part of life to be important because it hasn’t pertained to them. My parents and church were where I learned many of the laws of life. The golden rule, as well as many other lessons that children learn, is one thing that I still cherish and attempt to use daily. 2 Remembering all the thi...

Free Essays on Earth Sciende

Atmosphere Gas – Nitrogen (most abundant), oxygen, / carbon dioxide – has the ability to absorb heat radiated by earth, water vapor Atmosphere Pressure is in MB – Atmosphere pressure in the PPI – Atmosphere pressure at sea level – slightly more 1000 millibars, pressure decrease with altitude 3.5 miles 50% atmosphere is below 10 miles 90% atmosphere is below Atmospheric carbon dioxide is transparent to incoming Short-Wavelength solar radiation. But it is not transparent to some of the Long –Wavelength outgoing terrestrial radiation. Ozone –combines 3 atom oxygen (03) / concentrate between 10-50 kilometers above the stratosphere / absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation Thermosphere – upper limit - Mesosphere – temperature decreases - Stratosphere – above the troposphere – temperature increases at top Troposphere – lowermost layer - all important weather phenomena occur - temperature decreases with altitude *** - There is pause in between each Equinoxes – occur midway between the solstice - length day equal night - Sept 22-23 march 21-22(spring) Sun angles – near water climate = cool summer, warmer winter Northern hemisphere – June 21-22 (summer) – December 21-22 (winter) Heat transferred in our Earth System -Conduction – transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity Convection – transfer of heat by the movement of al mass or substance for on place to another Radiation – transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves Climate – Air Mass – Equatorial low – rising air – abundant precipitation Subtropical high – stable - dry air SubPolar low – warm and cold winds interact – polar front – area of storms Polar high – cold, subsiding air Leeward side of the mountains – usually deficient in moisture Clouds - Cirrus – high, white, thin wispy fibers/ Cumulus – globular, individual cloud masses/ Stratus – sheets or l... Free Essays on Earth Sciende Free Essays on Earth Sciende Atmosphere Gas – Nitrogen (most abundant), oxygen, / carbon dioxide – has the ability to absorb heat radiated by earth, water vapor Atmosphere Pressure is in MB – Atmosphere pressure in the PPI – Atmosphere pressure at sea level – slightly more 1000 millibars, pressure decrease with altitude 3.5 miles 50% atmosphere is below 10 miles 90% atmosphere is below Atmospheric carbon dioxide is transparent to incoming Short-Wavelength solar radiation. But it is not transparent to some of the Long –Wavelength outgoing terrestrial radiation. Ozone –combines 3 atom oxygen (03) / concentrate between 10-50 kilometers above the stratosphere / absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation Thermosphere – upper limit - Mesosphere – temperature decreases - Stratosphere – above the troposphere – temperature increases at top Troposphere – lowermost layer - all important weather phenomena occur - temperature decreases with altitude *** - There is pause in between each Equinoxes – occur midway between the solstice - length day equal night - Sept 22-23 march 21-22(spring) Sun angles – near water climate = cool summer, warmer winter Northern hemisphere – June 21-22 (summer) – December 21-22 (winter) Heat transferred in our Earth System -Conduction – transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity Convection – transfer of heat by the movement of al mass or substance for on place to another Radiation – transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves Climate – Air Mass – Equatorial low – rising air – abundant precipitation Subtropical high – stable - dry air SubPolar low – warm and cold winds interact – polar front – area of storms Polar high – cold, subsiding air Leeward side of the mountains – usually deficient in moisture Clouds - Cirrus – high, white, thin wispy fibers/ Cumulus – globular, individual cloud masses/ Stratus – sheets or l...

Ancestry of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Ancestry of Martin Luther King, Jr. Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on 15 January 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia to a long line of preachers. His father, Martin Luther King, Sr. was a pastor for the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta. His maternal grandfather, the Reverend Adam Daniel Williams, was famous for his fiery sermons. His great-grandfather, Willis Williams, was a slave-era preacher. Family Tree of Martin Luther King Jr. This family tree uses the Ahnentafel Genealogical Numbering System. First Generation: 1. Martin Luther King Jr. was born Michael L. King on 15 January 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, and was assassinated on 4 April 1968 during a visit to Memphis, Tennessee. In 1934, his father perhaps inspired by a visit to the birthplace of Protestantism in Germany is said to have changed his name and that of his son to Martin Luther King. Martin Luther King Jr. married Coretta Scott King (27 April 1927 - 1 January 2006) on 18 June 1953 on the lawn of her parents home in Marion, Alabama. The couple had four children: Yolanda Denise King (b. 17 November 1955), Martin Luther King III (b. 23 October 1957), Dexter Scott King (b. 30 January 1961) and Bernice Albertine King (b. 28 March 1963). Dr. Martin Luther King Jr was laid to rest in the historically black South-View Cemetery in Atlanta, but his remains were later moved to a tomb located on the grounds of the King Center, adjacent to Ebenezer Baptist Church. Second Generation (Parents): 2. Michael KING, often called Daddy King was born on 19 Dec 1899 in Stockbridge, Henry County, Georgia and died of a heart attack on 11 November 1984 in Atlanta, Georgia. He is buried with his wife at South-View Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia. 3. Alberta Christine WILLIAMS was born on 13 September 1903 in Atlanta, Georgia. She was shot to death on 30 June 1974 while she played the organ at Sunday service at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia, and is buried with her husband in South-View Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia. Martin Luther KING Sr. and Alberta Christine WILLIAMS were married on 25 November 1926 in Atlanta, Georgia, and had the following children: i. Willie Christine KING was born 11 September 1927 and married Isaac FARRIS, Sr.1 ii. Martin Luther KING, Jr.iii. Alfred Daniel Williams KING was born 30 July 1930, married Naomi BARBER, and died 21 July 1969. The Rev. A. D. King is buried in South-View Cemetery, Atlanta, Georgia. Third Generation (Grandparents): 4. James Albert KING was born about December 1864 in Ohio. He died on 17 November 1933 in Atlanta, Georgia, four years after the birth of his grandson, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. 5. Delia LINSEY was born about July 1875 in Henry County, Georgia, and died 27 May 1924. James Albert KING and Delia LINSEY were married 20 August 1895 in Stockbridge, Henry County, Georgia and had the following children: i. Woodie KING born abt. April 18962. ii. Michael KINGiii. Lucius KING was born abt. Sept. 1899 and died before 1910.iv. Lenora KING was born abt. 1902v.Cleo KING was born abt. 1905vi. Lucila KING was born abt. 1906vii. James KING Jr was born abt. 1908viii. Rubie KING was born abt. 1909 6. Rev. Adam Daniel WILLIAMS was born on the 2 January 1863 in Penfield, Greene County, Georgia to slaves Willis and Lucretia Williams. and died 21 March 1931. 7. Jenny Celeste PARKS was born about April 1873 in Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia and died of a heart attack on 18 May 1941 in Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia. Adam Daniel WILLIAMS and Jenny Celeste PARKS were married on 29 October 1899 in Fulton County, Georgia, and had the following children: 3. i. Alberta Christine WILLIAMS

Themes between Frankenstein, OTSP and The Lord of the Rings Essay

Themes between Frankenstein, OTSP and The Lord of the Rings - Essay Example Out of the Silent Planet does not include women in most of it, but it does make the claim that women should be content with simply raising their children because that is the Christian ideology that the author believed in. In this novel, women are shown taking care of the cooking, while the men are out providing. The Return of the King, however, portrays women in a much stronger manner. The women in this story, though few in number, are able to assist the men on their journey and provide useful contributions to them. The theme of femininity is present and important in each of these novels, but females are portrayed in their strongest form in The Return of the King, which is important because it shows that strong female characters can be used successfully in literature. Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, is a novel that does not contain very much in the way of strong females characters. The majority of them are passive and subservient women who fill their gender roles and then die in less than impressive fashion. One of the reasons why this is done could be to draw attention to male behavior and what it does to the female psyche. For example, Caroline Beaufort dies because she is so wrapped up in caring for her daughter that she does not put any emphasis on her own life. Elizabeth is portrayed as a character that is â€Å"imaginative, delicate and beautiful† (Shelley 30), which is hardly the characteristics that strong female character would possess. This, once again, shows the role that has placed upon females in our society as it would be rare to see a male do the same sort of thing. Victor also has an interesting view of the other, as he does not feel like he will be able to control the female monster if it is created. This shows that males h ave very little understanding of how the mind of a woman works and do not wish to challenge the unknown. It also shows how males always want to be

How Roman Empire lived on , even though it died 476ad Essay

How Roman Empire lived on , even though it died 476ad - Essay Example pire, deposed the Emperor Romulus, who lived in Italy’s Ravenna in a bloodless coup in 476ad; but Emperor Zeno continued to live and rule in Constantinople, whose authority was acknowledged by Odoacer himself. Roman power continued in the East, under rulers of Constantinople and a ‘fall’ was not particularly noticed. East Roman Emperors considered themselves as the real Roman Emperors, right heirs to Augustus. Byzantine was part of Roman history and 476ad was more of a Western point of view it was the continuation of Roman empire and the fall of Western empire was simply ignored and the division of the two was not particularly glorified because there was no such formal division and they remain. Even the promulgated rules applied to the entire territory, because in spite of two empires, the empire remained one for a very long time. Hence, there was a change in the region and the empire no doubt lost some of its glitz; but there was no fall. The Byzantine flourished diplomatically with many countries. It became the centre of literature, culture, religion and architecture. Roman Catholic Church continued to exist and it represented the lost empire with very little change while Byzantine survived for another thousand years. In a way it was a glorious period under Justinian like rulers. Religion was becoming more and more prominent; but the emperors retained their authority fully. In latter fifth century, the emperor estranged himself from Roman Pope by declaring himself Monophysite, which was discarded by Justin, an action that gained Pope’s support. Byzantine Christianity was slightly different from the Latin Christianity and culture. They thought ecclesiastical and theological authority vested in the Emperor and not with Pope and his minions. But adoption of strict traditional ways made it an absolutely static religion. The Empire pursued classical and intellectual traditions of education, philosophy, composition , literature, history. Women were well

Cloud Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Cloud Computing - Essay Example Balance in most cases remains the weight that is distributed in the design through placement of the industry’s elements. Alignment; - In most distribution industries, alignment as a design principle allows the creation of order and organization. It also allows the creation of visual connection within the organization (Morris, 2012). Contrast; - This design principle generally allows organizations to focus on its design elements and by doing this, it helps in improving processes within the organization. Lastly, the space allows free movement in organization especially during the organization processes (Morris, 2012). Adhering to the fundamental design principles is therefore important especially during the development of secure applications. Effective adherence of the design principles in most cases provides balance and a continuation during the development of secure applications. Adherence of the fundamental designs also provides improvement during the development of secure

PRODUCT INFORMATION Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

PRODUCT INFORMATION - Assignment Example The products were then shipped to other parts of the world like France in the 1970s and orange juice wars with other rivals like in Coca Cola began in the 1980s. In subsequent years, the product’s packaging and marketing strategies have changed but the taste and content have remained relatively the same. In 1949, the product was simply freshly squeezed orange juice but in 1954, it became a chilled product made using flash pasteurization. In 1983, packaging was reduced to a smaller quantity but the prices remained the same; this mirrored developments in earlier periods (1964) when the organization created its own bottles and sold the product in such containers (Pania et al 3). The product maintained similar tastes until 2006 when it was diluted to become less thick and less calorie-rich. In 2009, its packaging was altered to a generic form but 3 months later, the company went back to its original packaging as customers complained; now it is found in plastic bottles. Tropicana original orange juice won the IPA Effectiveness Awards 2006, Silver because of its campaign advertisement conducted in the United Kingdom (â€Å"IPA effectiveness awards 2006†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). The brand also boasts about getting Carbon Trust product footprint certification in 2007 because of determining the environmental" impact or ecological footprint of its production process. It is also a recipient of the Beverage Innovation Awards in 2009 by an organization of the same name because of the sustainability initiatives in production and rainforest consumer awareness programs (â€Å"2013 Annual report† 102). The brand currently boasts of market share leadership in the orange juice market as it accounts for 28% of all juices sold in the US. A drop had been recorded in 2009 when the company made a repackaging blunder, but its shares recovered thereafter. Currently, the next most competitive brand is Simply Orange by Coca Cola, which accounts for 14% of the

Marketting Analysis of Usitrip Travel Company Essay

Marketting Analysis of Usitrip Travel Company - Essay Example a procuratorate official website to verify), has been always get the federal business bureau (BBB) certification for grade A highest reputation ratings. 1) Tourism is a growing industry (4% annually). The United States tourism market is large and the U.S. visa is one year multiple entry visa, as long as the period of validity of the visa, tourists can visit the United States for many times, it also makes the United States tourism demand to be strong. The companys target customers are high-income earners (min. $75,000 for a single person), health-conscious individuals interested in popular overseas tour. These are lawyers, bankers, executives, doctors and business owners. The major purchasers are located in urban areas within major China cities. There is fast development in the business sector and expanding interest. Additionally, more specialty markets are developing. At first, it will be hard to rival experienced suppliers, particularly the business pioneers. However, target market is an exploitable niche, and our service is differentiated. Target market individuals will have comparative activity premiums, more disposable income and less effect on cost. We will provide luxurious service with prestige value. Our prices will be out of reach for the majority of overseas travelers. Administration will be valued based upon luxury contender costs and the quality included of our advertising. Suppliers that offer offering luxury services like our own do as such at costs like not ours. We are intensely evaluated in the luxury market. Since we engage luxury and hence a littler business, volume will be restricted. Notwithstanding, we will have the capacity to accrue a higher profit margin. Abroad visit has been working for a while now. The treks have been generally welcomed, and advertising is presently critical to its proceeded with achievement and future benefit. The fundamental business need is hard adventure trips for the affluent customer. This target market

PRODUCT INFORMATION Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

PRODUCT INFORMATION - Assignment Example The products were then shipped to other parts of the world like France in the 1970s and orange juice wars with other rivals like in Coca Cola began in the 1980s. In subsequent years, the product’s packaging and marketing strategies have changed but the taste and content have remained relatively the same. In 1949, the product was simply freshly squeezed orange juice but in 1954, it became a chilled product made using flash pasteurization. In 1983, packaging was reduced to a smaller quantity but the prices remained the same; this mirrored developments in earlier periods (1964) when the organization created its own bottles and sold the product in such containers (Pania et al 3). The product maintained similar tastes until 2006 when it was diluted to become less thick and less calorie-rich. In 2009, its packaging was altered to a generic form but 3 months later, the company went back to its original packaging as customers complained; now it is found in plastic bottles. Tropicana original orange juice won the IPA Effectiveness Awards 2006, Silver because of its campaign advertisement conducted in the United Kingdom (â€Å"IPA effectiveness awards 2006†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). The brand also boasts about getting Carbon Trust product footprint certification in 2007 because of determining the environmental" impact or ecological footprint of its production process. It is also a recipient of the Beverage Innovation Awards in 2009 by an organization of the same name because of the sustainability initiatives in production and rainforest consumer awareness programs (â€Å"2013 Annual report† 102). The brand currently boasts of market share leadership in the orange juice market as it accounts for 28% of all juices sold in the US. A drop had been recorded in 2009 when the company made a repackaging blunder, but its shares recovered thereafter. Currently, the next most competitive brand is Simply Orange by Coca Cola, which accounts for 14% of the

Thermochemistry Hess' law Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Thermochemistry Hess' law - Lab Report Example Thermochemistry, which is a branch of thermodynamics deals with the assessment of heat energy transfer linked with chemical reactions in the lab. Learning about these heat energy transfer linked with three different chemical reactions is important for testing Hess’s law which states that: â€Å"The enthalpy change for any reaction depends on the products and reactants and is independent of the pathway or the number of steps between the reactant and product† (Regger et al 189). The knowledge obtained from this experiment is intrinsic for the chemists who usually keep track of the changes witnessed in the chemical bonds when carrying out ta chemical reaction. 200 ml of distilled water was put in the Styrofoam calorimeter followed by stirring with a thermometer. The reading in the thermometer was monitored up to the point when constant temperature was reached. 2 grams of sodium hydroxide was placed into the water and stirred with the thermometer until the highest temperature was reached. 200 ml of 0.25 ml of hydrochloric acid was placed in Styrofoam and stirred with a thermometer to ensure a constant temperature was reached. 2 grams of sodium hydroxide was placed into the hydrochloric acid and stirred with the thermometer until the highest temperature was reached. 100 ml of 0.50 M of hydrochloric acid solution was put into calorimeter while 100 ml of 0.5 M sodium hydroxide was placed in a 250 ml beaker, at room temperature. The temperature and volumes for each was measured. The sodium hydroxide solution was then added into the Styrofoam cup containing the solution of hydrochloric acid. The mixture was stirred with the thermometer until the highest temperature was reached. According to the result obtained from the experiment, Hess’ law â€Å"The enthalpy change for any reaction depends on the products and reactants and is independent of the pathway or the number of steps between the reactant and

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (Cam) Essay Example for Free

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (Cam) Essay Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) includes a variety of interventions—from exercise and dietary supplements to stress management strategies, biofeedback, and acupuncture. These therapies—which come from many different disciplines and traditions—are generally considered to be outside the realm of conventional medicine. When used in combination with conventional medicine, they are referred to as â€Å"complementary;† when used instead of conventional medicine, they are referred to as â€Å"alternative.† In the United States today, approximately 75% of people with MS use one form or another of CAM, generally in combination with their prescribed MS treatments. Are CAM Therapies Safe to Use? Many people use CAM because they believe that anything sold over-the-counter at a pharmacy or health food store is healthy and harmless. However, unlike conventional medical treatments—which are thoroughly tested and carefully regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration—most CAM therapies have undergone very little, if any, scientific study. So some may be completely safe while others may actually pose significant risks—for example, by producing serious side effects or interacting negatively with other medications a person is taking. Fortunately, a greater effort is now being made to find ways to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of various types of CAM. Why is Controlled Clinical Studies So Important? Carefully-designed clinical trials are the best way to determine whether a treatment is safe and effective. Here are the reasons why: * Because the course of MS is variable, and each person’s symptoms tend to come and go in an unpredictable way, the only way to determine the effectiveness of a treatment is to test it on a large number of people. * Because most people—regardless of the disease they have—will have a positive response to any new treatment they receive (even if it’s an inactive substance or placebo), the effectiveness of a new treatment can only be proven by comparing it to a placebo or to another treatment that has already been shown to be effective. * Because every treatment carries with it the risk of anticipated and unanticipated side effects, the only way to evaluate a treatment’s safety is to evaluate it in a large number of people over a sufficient period of time. Recommended Guidelines to Follow People who are considering using a CAM therapy should ask the following questions: * What does the treatment involve? * How and why is it supposed to work? * How effective is it? * What are the risks? * How much does it cost? The answers to these questions can help a person considering a CAM therapy to weigh the benefits against the risks. For those who decide to go ahead with the CAM therapy, here are some good, common sense recommendations: Keep your physician informed about everything you are taking. Not sharing this important information is like asking your physician to treat you blindfolded—and knowing everything you are taking will allow your doctor to alert you to possible side effects or drug interactions. Dont abandon conventional therapy. The treatments your physician prescribes for you are the ones that have been evaluated in controlled clinical trials or accepted by the MS medical community as safe and effective therapies. So stay with your prescribed treatments even if you decide to add CAM to your treatment plan. Document the experience. Keep a detailed log of what you take or what is done and any changes you experience. Check out These Complementary Approaches to Physical Health and Emotional Well-Being * Food and Diet—Although various diets have been promoted to cure or control MS, no diet has been proven to modify the course of MS. MS specialists recommend that people follow the same high fiber, low fat diet that is recommended for all adults. * Exercise— Exercise offers many benefits for people with MS. In addition to improving your overall health, aerobic exercise reduces fatigue and improves bladder and bowel function, strength, and mood. Stretching exercises reduce stiffness and increase mobility. The physicial therapist can recommend an exercise plan to fit your abilities and limitations. * Stress management—The relationship between stress and the onset or worsening of MS is far from clear—and different types of stress appear to affect different people in different ways. But none of us feel our best when we’re stressed, so it’s important to find the stress management strategies that work best for you. * Acupuncture—Acupuncture is finding its way into Western medicine, with studies suggesting possible benefits for a wide range of problems. Definition of terms: 1. Alternative medicines is any practice that is put forward as having the healing effects of medicine, but is not based on evidence gathered with the scientific method. Typically not part of conventional treatment, alternative medicine is usually based on tradition, belief in supernatural energies, pseudoscience, errors in reasoning, propaganda, or fraud. Alternative therapies lack scientific validation, and their effectiveness is either unproved or disproved. The treatments are those that are not part of the conventional, science-based healthcare system. 2. Complementary medicines is treatment and medicine that you use in addition to your doctors standard care. 3. Dietary Supplements dietary supplements are substances you eat or drink. They can be vitamins, minerals, herbs or other plants, amino acids (the individual building blocks of protein), or parts of these substances. They can be in pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid form. They supplement (add to) the diet and should not be considered a substitute for food. Importance of CAM in Clinical Pharmacy Studying CAM is important in clinical pharmacy since it is concerned with drugs. If you have a patient who does CAM system, then you can be aware of do’s and don’ts so you can perform a better patient counseling. Since CAM is not suggested, but at least you know it, then you can support your patients regarding that. Situational Analysis Talk to your doctor about risks and benefits of complementary and alternative medicine Work with your conventional medical doctor to help you make informed decisions regarding complementary and alternative treatments. Even if your doctor cant recommend a specific practitioner, he or she can help you understand possible risks and benefits before you try a treatment. Its especially important to involve your doctor if youre pregnant, have medical problems or take prescription medicine. And dont stop or change your conventional treatment — such as the dose of your prescription medications — without talking to your doctor first. Finally, be sure to keep your doctor updated on any complementary and alternative therapies youre using, including herbal and dietary supplements.

Case Study of Low Blood Pressure

Case Study of Low Blood Pressure Mr Jones has a BP of 90/60. Please name the appropriate health terminology in relation to his BP. Normal Range = Hypotension Low blood pressure is referred to as hypotension, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation. Hypotension is generally considered systolic blood pressure less than 90 millimetres of mercury (mmHg) or diastolic less than 60 mmHg. A persons blood pressure reading appears as two numbers. The first and higher of the two numbers is a measure of systolic pressure or the pressure in the persons arteries when their heart beats and fills them with blood. The second number measures diastolic pressure or the pressure in the persons arteries when their heart rests between beats. A desired blood pressure is less than 120/80. In people who are considered to be healthy, low blood pressure without experiencing any symptoms is commonly not a concern and does not need to be treated. Low blood pressure may be a sign of an underlying issue, particularly in the elderly, where it might cause inadequate blood flow to their heart, vital organs, and brain. Fortunately, chronic low blood pressure without symptoms is rarely serious. Health issues may happen, however, when a persons blood pressure suddenly drops and their brain is deprived of an adequate blood and oxygen supply. The condition may lead to light-headedness or dizziness. A sudden drop in blood pressure usually happens in a person who has risen from a prone or sitting position to a standing one. When this occurs it is referred to as, postural hypotension or orthostatic hypotension. Another type of low blood pressure may happen when a person stands for extended periods of time. This is referred to as, neurally-mediated hypotension. Postural hypotension is considered to be a failure of a persons cardiovascular system or nervous system to react appropriately to sudden changes. Usually, when a person stands up, some of their blood pools in their lower extremities. If this remains uncorrected, it would cause the persons blood pressure to fall or decrease. A persons body usually compensates by sending messages to their heart to beat faster and to their blood vessels to constrict, offsetting the drop in blood pressure. If this does not happen, or does not happen quickly enough, postural hypotension is the result. Blood Pressure and Aging The risk of low and high blood pressure commonly increases as a person ages due in part to changes during the aging process. The flow of blood to a persons heart muscle and brain declines as a person ages, many times as a result of plaque build-up in their blood vessels. While the causes of low blood pressure may not always be clear, it might be associated with things such as: Heart arrhythmias Heart failure Heat exhaustion or heat stroke Hormonal issues such as an under-active thyroid, diabetes, or low blood sugar Liver disease Pregnancy Some over-the-counter drugs Some prescription medications Widening of the blood vessels Causes of Sudden Drops in Blood Pressure Sudden drops in a persons blood pressure may be life-threatening. A number of different things may cause this type of hypotension. The causes of sudden drops in blood pressure may include: A reaction to alcohol or medication Anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction Heart muscle disease High body temperature Loss of blood Low body temperature Sepsis Severe dehydration from diarrhoea, vomiting, or fever People at Risk of Postural Hypotension Postural hypotension, or low blood pressure when a person stands up quickly, may happen to anyone for a number of reasons such as lack of food, dehydration, or simply being overly fatigued. It might also be influenced by a persons genetic make-up, medication, aging, psychological factors, dietary ones, or acute triggers such as allergy or infection. Postural hypotension happens most often in people who are taking medications to control high blood pressure or, hypertension. It may also be related to strong emotions, pregnancy, diabetes, or hardening of a persons arteries. Seniors are affected by postural hypotension in particular, especially seniors who experience high blood pressure or autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Hypotension after eating is a common cause of dizziness or even falls. It is most common after large meals containing a lot of carbohydrates. Medical science believes it is caused by blood pooling into a persons vessels in their stomach and intestines. A number of medications are associated with postural hypotension as well. The medications may be divided into two major categories: Medications used to treat high blood pressure such as beta-blockers, diuretics, calcium-channel blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Medications that have hypotension as a side effect such as anti-psychotics, neuroleptics, nitrates, anti-anxiety agents, tricyclic antidepressants, sedative-hypnotics, and medications for Parkinsons disease Some causes of naturally occurring postural hypotension exist. For example, dehydration and electrolyte loss might result from vomiting, diarrhoea, excessive blood loss during menstruation, or other conditions. A persons age associated decline in blood pressure regulation is another example and is something that might worsen due to certain health conditions or medications. Some diseases may cause postural hypotension as well. Diseases such as Shy-Drager syndrome or, multiple system atrophy, nerve issues such as peripheral neuropathy or autonomic neuropathy, cardiovascular disorders, nutritional diseases, or alcoholism may cause postural hypotension. Blood Pressure Ranges Listed below are the ranges for Low (Table 1) Normal (Table 2) and High (Table 3) blood pressure respectively. Systolic pressure (mm Hg) Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) Pressure Range 90 60 Borderline Low blood Pressure 60 40 Too Low Blood Pressure 50 33 Dangerously Low Blood Pressure Table 1 Low Blood Pressure Range Systolic pressure (mm Hg) Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) Pressure Range 130 85 High Normal Blood Pressure 120 80 Normal Blood Pressure 110 75 Low Normal Blood Pressure Table 2 Normal Blood Pressure Range If one or both numbers are usually high, you have high blood pressure (Hypertension). Systolic pressure (mm Hg) Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) Stages of High Blood Pressure 210 120 Stage 4 180 110 Stage 3 160 100 Stage 2 140 90 Stage 1 Table 3 High Blood Pressure Range Figure 1Visual representation of Systolic and Diastolic Ranges       Age Systolic BP Diastolic BP 3-6 116 76 7-10 122 78 11-13 126 82 14-16 136 86 17-19 120 85 20-24 120 79 25-29 121 80 30-34 122 81 35-39 123 82 40-44 125 83 45-49 127 84 50-54 129 85 55-59 131 86 60+ 134 87 The average Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure is affected by age, as shown in Age Males (mmHg) Females (mmHg) 1 3 80/34 120/75 83/38 117/76 4 to 6 88/47 128/84 88/50 122/83 7 10 92/53 130/90 93/55 129/88 Table 4 Average Systolic and Diastolic Ranges of Neonates and Infants Table 5 Average Systolic and Diastolic Ranges of Children and Adults Mr Jones has a HR of 153. Please name the appropriate health terminology in relation to his HR reading. Normal Range = What is an arrhythmia? An arrhythmia is a disruption in the hearts normal electrical system which causes an abnormal or irregular heart beat for no apparent reason. Anyone can develop an arrhythmia, even a young person without a previous heart condition. However, arrhythmias are most common in people over 65 who have heart damage caused by a heart attack, cardiac surgery or other conditions. There are many types of arrhythmias, including: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Heartbeats that are too slow (bradycardia) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Heartbeats that are too fast (tachycardia) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Extra beats à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Skipped beats à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Beats coming from abnormal areas of the heart Typical symptoms Some arrhythmias may occur without any symptoms. Others may cause noticeable symptoms, such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Chest pain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Dizziness, sensation of light-headedness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Fainting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Fatigue à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Sensation of a missed or extra heart beat à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Sensation of your heart fluttering (palpitations) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Shortness of breath à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Weakness Figure 2 Location of Arterial Pulses where Heart Rate can be Detected Figure 3 Normal Heart Rate on an ECG Symptoms of Arrhythmias Symptoms of arrhythmias can vary widely from person to person. An arrhythmia may last for a few minutes, a few hours, a few days, even a few weeks at a time. Some people feel no symptoms at all. Most commonly, patients report feeling a rapid heartbeat, often described as a fluttering sensation. Depending on the severity of the arrhythmia, that may be the only symptom experienced. Others may experience shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness or fainting. Types of Arrhythmias Arrhythmias that cause heartbeats that are too fast are called tachycardia. There are several different types of tachycardia, which are categorized by where they originate in the heart. Figure 4 Supraventricular Tachycardia Location and ECG Presentation Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) is a general term describing any rapid heart rate originating above the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). The most common SVTs are described below. Atrial fibrillation (AF or AFib) is the most common SVT. During AF, the heartbeat produced by the atria is irregular and rapid, sometimes up to 4 times faster than normal. This impairs the hearts ability to efficiently pump blood and increases the risk of developing blood clots which can cause a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke. Atrial flutter (AFL) is similar to atrial fibrillation in that it is characterised by a rapid heartbeat, sometimes up to 4 times faster than normal that originates in the atria. It differs from atrial fibrillation (AF) in that the heartbeat is regular, not irregular. Atrial flutter also carries the risk of developing blood clots, though not as great as with AF. With atrial flutter, the electrical signal becomes trapped in the right atrium. It repeatedly travels in a circular pattern inside the right atrium, only occasionally escaping through the AV node to the ventricles. This causes your atria to beat faster than the ventricles of your heart, at rates between 150 and 450 beats each minute. Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the second most common SVT. In a normal heart, there is a single electrical pathway, or gate, called an atrioventricular node (AV node) that controls the timing and direction of the electrical signal as it travels from the upper chambers (atria) to the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart. With AVNRT, an extra electrical pathway forms which allows the electrical signal to travel backward through the gate (AV Node) at the same time, starting another heartbeat. During AVNRT the electrical signals continuously go around the 2 pathways in a circular pattern called re-entry. This can lead to a very fast heart rate of 160 to 220 beats per minute. Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT) is similar to AVNRT in that an extra electrical pathway is formed that allows the electrical signal to travel backward from the ventricles to the atria. However, in AVRT the extra pathway circumvents the AV node, or gate. This extra pathway around the outside of the AV node is called an accessory pathway. Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) is a rapid heart rate (160 to 240 beats per minute) that originates in the ventricles. It may cause the heart to become unable to pump adequate blood throughout the body. VT most often occurs in patients with underlying structural heart disease, such as ischemic heart disease. Figure 6Ventricular Fibrillation ECG Presentation Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) is a tachycardia which causes the ventricles to contract in an irregular and very rapid manner. The heart immediately loses its ability to pump blood throughout the body. VF causes immediate loss of consciousness, and is invariably fatal within minutes unless it is stopped (usually by using a defibrillator.) AGE HEART RATE (BEATS/MIN) Infant 120-160 Toddler 90-140 Preschooler 80-110 School-age child 75-100 Adolescent 60-90 Adult 60-100 Table 6 Average Heart Rate Range by Age (Rested) Mr Jones has oxygen saturations of 75%. Please name the appropriate health terminology in relation to his oxygen saturations. Normal Range = Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive and continuous method of determining the oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SpO2). Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) is usually measured with a pulse oximeter placed on the finger. SpO2 is normally 95% to 100%. If the level is below 90%, it is considered low, resulting in hypoxemia. Blood oxygen levels below 80% may compromise organ function, such as the heart and brain, and should be addressed promptly. Accurate SpO2 measurements may be difficult to obtain on patients who are hypothermic, receiving IV vasopressor therapy, or experiencing hypoperfusion and vasoconstriction. Figure 9 Pulse Oximeter Oxygen Saturation Levels Severity % Saturation None/Minimal 95-100% Mild 90-94% Moderate 80-89% Severe Table 7 Oxidation (SpO2) Levels Mr Jones has a RR of 6. Please name the appropriate health terminology in relation to his RR reading. Normal Range = Slow Breathing (Bradypnoea) A slow respiratory rate is usually significant at a rate of 8 or less per minute. Often this is an emergency and requires immediate therapy. Conditions causing bradypnoea are the ingestion of drugs (such as, alcohol, narcotics, sedative-hypnotics), increased intracranial pressure from trauma and haemorrhage (pressure on the respiratory centre), severe respiratory depression (that is, CO2 narcosis) and coma from any cause. It is seen in many pre-arrest and end-stage conditions. Treatment Assisted ventilation is often required with a bag-valve-mask (BVM). Endotracheal intubation is frequently necessary. AGE RATE (BREATHS/MIN) Newborn 35-40 Infant (6 months) 30-50 Toddler (2 years) 25-32 Child 20-30 Adolescent 16-20 Adult 12-20 Table 8 Respiration Rate Range by Age Mr Jones has a temperature of 39 C. Please name the appropriate health terminology in relation to his temperature reading. Normal Range = Measurement site Mouth / Armpit Ear / forehead Rectum Low temperature Consult a doctor Normal temperature 35.9 37.0 à ¢- ¦C 35.8 36.9 à ¢- ¦C 36.3 37.5 à ¢- ¦C You are perfectly well Increased temperature 37.1 37.5 à ¢- ¦C 37.0 37.5 à ¢- ¦C 37.6 38.0 à ¢- ¦C You should get some rest Light fever 37.6 38.0 à ¢- ¦C 37.6 38.0 à ¢- ¦C 38.1 38.5 à ¢- ¦C Check your temperature regularly and rest Moderate fever 38.1 38.5 à ¢- ¦C 38.1 38.5 à ¢- ¦C 38.6 39.0 à ¢- ¦C Check your temperature regularly. Consult a doctor if you get worse or if the fever lasts for more than three days High fever 38.6 39.5 à ¢- ¦C 38.6 39.4 à ¢- ¦C 39.1 39.9 à ¢- ¦C Consult a doctor, especially if the fever lasts for more than one day Very high fever 39.6 42.0 à ¢- ¦C 39.5 42.0 à ¢- ¦C 40.0 42.5 à ¢- ¦C Go to emergency ward of a hospital Table 9 Human Body Temperature Ranges Figure 12 Centigrade and Fahrenheit Representation of Temperature Ranges and Bodily Affection Please explain what the term dysphagia means in words that MR Jones can understand. Dysphagia is another term for a swallowing disorder. A person with dysphagia may experience difficulty swallowing food, liquid and/or their saliva. Some people may be incapable of swallowing at all. Dysphagia occurs when there is a problem with any part of the swallowing process, and often is the result of a stroke. People with dysphagia often have to eat food which is softened and/or mashed and consume liquids which are thickened. Figure 15 Fluid and Food for Dysphagic Persons Please describe hemiplegia as if you were explaining what this term meant to a family member of Mr Jones and how would this impact on taking his blood pressure? What is hemiplegia? Hemiplegia (sometimes called hemiparesis) is a condition that affects one side of the body. We talk about a right or left hemiplegia, depending on the side affected. It is caused by injury to parts of the brain that control movements of the limbs, chest, face, and so forth. This may happen before, during or soon after birth (up to two years of age approximately), when it is known as congenital hemiplegia (or unilateral cerebral palsy), or later in life as a result of injury or illness, in which case it is called acquired hemiplegia. Generally, injury to the left side of the brain will cause a right hemiplegia and injury to the right side a left hemiplegia. Hemiplegia is a condition which is lifelong and non-progressive, that is they do not get worse. How does hemiplegia occur? Acquired hemiplegia results from brain injury. The most common cause is a stroke (when a bleed or blood clot damages part of the brain), but it can also result from a head injury or infection. What are the effects of hemiplegia? It is difficult to generalise: hemiplegia affects each person differently. The most obvious result is a varying degree of weakness, stiffness (spasticity) and lack of control in the affected side of the body, rather like the effects of a stroke. In one person this may be very obvious (he or she may have little use of one hand, may limp or have poor balance); in another person it will be so slight that it only shows when attempting specific physical activities. What can be done to help? Hemiplegia cannot be cured, but a lot can be done to minimise its effects and help the individual achieve their potential. The person, once diagnosed, will probably be referred to a rehabilitation department of your local or regional hospital. Therapists, who work as part of a wider network of professionals including neurologists and orthopaedic and neurosurgeons, will work in partnership with you to develop his or her abilities. Understanding hemiplegia and knowing how you can help your loved one achieve his or her potential is vital. Your loved ones management will probably be based on a multidisciplinary approach, involving physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and possibly speech therapy where required. A physiotherapist and often an occupational therapist will work closely with each other and with partners or carers, to agree a programme of management with specific goals that are tailored to your loved ones development and needs. The aim will be to improve their participation in everyday activities e.g. social activities, feeding, dressing, and toileting. The therapists will work to develop their skills, assessing posture and providing muscle stretching, and possibly strengthening activities. This will help prevent possible secondary consequences of the condition such as pain or the development of weakened muscles. Goals could include improving function so that your loved one can grasp an object with the affected hand, or walk better. They should take into account the partner/ carers views, the time and effort involved in carrying out therapy activities, the impact on the patient and his/her family and how effective the activities might be. A therapy programme will probably include training partners/carers, and later the induvial him/herself, to carry out exercises or techniques which they should continue to use at home, e.g. during dressing or bathing, so that they become part of the individuals everyday life. The persons progress should be reviewed regularly to assess how well the therapy programme is working and consider whether there is a need for other treatments as well. These might include orthoses (devices, such as splints, fitted to the body to improve posture and/or function); medications or orthopaedic surgery. In general the person with hemiplegia should be treated as normally as possible. It is essential to involve the affected side in everyday activities, to make your loved one as two-sided as he or she can be. Are there other problems associated with hemiplegia? Yes, there may be. Because hemiplegia is caused by injury to the brain, it is not just motor pathways and motor development that may be affected. And despite the developing brains effort to relocate functions to undamaged areas, additional diagnoses may occur. Some of these are medical in nature, such as epilepsy, visual impairment or speech difficulties. Many people have less obvious additional challenges, such as perceptual problems, specific learning difficulties or emotional and behavioural problems. Each patient should be fully assessed and regularly monitored to identify if any of these associated problems are present. What does the future hold? In merely defining hemiplegia with its causes and effects we leave out perhaps the most important issue the shock of diagnosis and the fear of the unknown. When a person is first diagnosed, it is often difficult for a doctor to predict whether problems will be mild or severe later in life. He or she will often adopt a wait and see approach, which the patient and their supporters may find difficult to accept, since they may feel they are not being given all the facts. Understanding hemiplegia and knowing how you can help your loved one achieve his or her potential is vital. Make good use of the specialists dealing with your loved ones hemiplegia. Do ask them questions and make sure you understand their replies, if necessary asking them to repeat them using non- specialist terms. Support Life can be difficult for someone with hemiplegia who want to do the same things as they previously did. They tire more easily and the effort involved in simple tasks can be considerable. They need all the help and encouragement you can give them. And you need support in your turn ideally from others who understand how you feel and with whom you can also share ideas and information. You may find general support groups for disabled patients and their families in your own area your hospital or library should have information. And you may want to a national organisatio

Great Auntie Anne’s House :: essays papers

Great Auntie Anne’s House There are many thoughts and memories that I still retain from my childhood. Many have given me new experiences and taught me lessons that have helped me grow. My great Auntie Anne has provided me with several memories, which I still recall occasionally. What are most difficult to forget are the memories of the times in her home. I have never found a home like hers. The memories I obtained outside of the cottage, in the main entrance, in the old library, and in the secret room are the memories most difficult to forget. The small white cottage sat upon a large green field. My Auntie believed in allowing nature rule. A thick terra cotta wall kept the home safe from the outside world surrounded the cottage. Wild flowers grew around the cottage and grew along the surrounding walls of the wild garden. These gave the impression the cottage grew up from flowers. She did not have trimmed green grass or any type of man made landscape. She allowed the green and white wild flowers to grow where they pleased. The field also had many trees that reached high above and branched widely. I remember climbing those trees with my brother and cousins. A dirt road flowed up through the fields into the small garage. As I walked through the thin dirt path I anxiously awaited the adventures found inside the house. Her home was a magical place where my cousins, my brother, and I could run wild. Auntie, as she preferred to be called, was not a strict disciplinarian, so we were free to do what we wished. She resolved that her niece and nephews must learn to enjoy life as she did. We often visited her white cottage while on vacations. The front door of the house was a large wooden door with black iron strips running across. The handle was also made in the shape of a serpent, which symbolizes wisdom and the Earth spirit. Auntie always opened the door with her smiling wrinkled face greeting us as we walked through. As we entered the house we were led into a main room. It was simple and relaxing. To the right was a large window that overlooked the cobblestone driveway and entrance to the garage. To the left were two sectional floral Victorian couches that connected together in the corner of the room with a small square wooden table.

Vishal Engineering Case Solutio

VISHAL  ENGINEERING  ENTERPRISES  CASE  SOLUTION DATA  GIVEN Total  Assets Total  Sales Growth  Rate Cut? off  rate Option  1 Purchase  Price Pre  Tax  Benefits Depreciation Option  2 Lease  Rental Maintenance Post  Tax  Cost  of  Borrowing Option3 Hire  Purchase  Instalment Interest  rate   Useful  Life Analysis  ? Option  1  ? Ownership  and  Operation Rupees  in  Lakhs Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Particulars Intial  Cost Benefits  Received Depreciation  (WDV  @  25%) Tax  Sheild  On  Depreciation  (3  x  . 35) Net  Salvage  value Post  Tax  Cash  Flow  (1+2+4+5) Discount  Factor  @  12% Present  Value  (6/7) TOTAL  NPV 0 ? 5. 000 1 18. 000 18. 750 6. 563 ? 75. 000 1. 000 ? 75. 000 24. 563 0. 893 27. 510 2 18. 000 14. 063 4. 922 22. 922 0. 797 28. 753 3 18. 000 10. 547 3. 691 21. 691 0. 712 30. 475 Year 4 18. 000 7. 910 2. 769 20. 769 0. 636 32. 680 222. 368 5 18. 000 5. 933 2. 07 6 20. 076 0. 567 35. 382 6 18. 000 4. 449 1. 557 19. 557 0. 507 38. 603 7 18. 000 3. 337 1. 168 19. 168 0. 452 42. 374 8 18. 000 2. 503 0. 876 6. 000 24. 876 0. 404 61. 592 270 Crores 256 Crores 23% 12% 75 Lakhs 18 Lakhs  per  year 25% WDV 14 Lakhs  per  year 1. 75 Lakhs  per  year 9. 50% 18. 75 Lakhs  per  year 12% 8 Years Analysis  ? Option  2  ? Lease  Contract Rupees  in  Lakhs Sr. Particulars No 1 Intial  Cost 2 Depreciation  (WDV  @  25%) Loss  of  Tax  Sheild  On  Depreciation   3 (2  x  . 35) 4 Lease  Payment Tax  Sheild  On  Lease  Payment   5 (4  x  . 35) 6 Loss  of  Slavage  Value 7 Post  Tax  Cash  Flow  (1+3+4+5+6) 8 Discount  Factor  @  9. 5% 9 Present  Value  (6/7) 10 TOTAL  NPV  ? Cash  Flow 11 LRt(1? Tc) 12 Present  value  (11/8) 13 Present  Value  of  lease 0 75. 000 1 18. 750 ? 6. 563 ? 14. 000 4. 900 75. 000 1. 000 75. 000 ? 14. 663 0. 913 ? 16. 055 ? 9. 00 ? 9. 965 2 14. 063 ? 4. 922 ? 14. 000 4. 900 ? 12. 022 0. 834 ? 14. 415 ? 9. 100 ? 10. 911 3 10. 547 ? 3. 691 ? 14. 000 4. 900 ? 9. 791 0. 762 ? 12. 855 ? 9. 100 ? 11. 948 Year 4 7. 910 ? 2. 769 ? 14. 000 4. 900 5 5. 933 ? 2. 076 ? 14. 000 4. 900 6 4. 449 ? 1. 557 ? 14. 000 4. 900 7 3. 337 ? 1. 168 ? 14. 000 4. 900 8 2. 503 ? 0. 876 ? 14. 000 4. 900 ? 6. 000 ? 7. 976 0. 484 ? 16. 485 ?7. 869 ? 6. 176 ? 4. 657 ? 3. 268 0. 696 0. 635 0. 580 0. 530 ? 11. 312 ? 9. 723 ? 8. 028 ? 6. 168 ? 20. 043 ? 9. 100 ? 9. 100 ? 9. 100 ? 9. 100 ? 9. 100 ? 3. 083 ? 14. 326 ? 15. 687 ? 17. 177 ? 18. 809 ? 111. 903 FOSSILS 1 VISHAL  ENGINEERING  ENTERPRISES  CASE  SOLUTION Analysis  ? Option  3? Hire  and  Purchase Total  Cost Interest  Component Total  Cost  +  interest  =   Hire  Purchase  Installment  per  year 75 Lakhs 72 Lakhs 147 18. 375 Lakhs Life  Exp. 8 years Rupees  in  Lakhs Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Particulars Hire  Purchase  Installm ent Interest  Component Principal  Repayment 0 1 18. 375 16. 794 1. 581 ? 10. 916 ? 1. 581 18. 750 12. 188 ? 0. 310 0. 913 ? 0. 339 2 18. 375 14. 567 3. 808 ? 9. 469 ? 3. 08 14. 063 9. 141 ? 4. 136 0. 834 ? 4. 959 3 18. 375 12. 340 6. 035 ? 8. 021 ? 6. 035 10. 547 6. 855 ? 7. 200 0. 762 ? 9. 454 Year 4 18. 375 10. 113 8. 262 ? 6. 574 ? 8. 262 7. 910 5. 142 ? 9. 694 0. 696 ? 13. 936 ? 120. 137 5 18. 375 7. 887 10. 488 ? 5. 126 ? 10. 488 5. 933 3. 856 ? 11. 758 0. 635 ? 18. 511 6 18. 375 5. 660 12. 715 ? 3. 679 ? 12. 715 4. 449 2. 892 ? 13. 502 0. 580 ? 23. 274 7 18. 375 3. 433 14. 942 ? 2. 231 ? 14. 942 3. 337 2. 169 ? 15. 004 0. 530 ? 28. 321 8 18. 375 1. 206 17. 169 ? 0. 784 ? 17. 169 2. 503 1. 627 6. 000 ? 10. 26 0. 484 ? 21. 342 ?It(1? Tc) ?PRt Depriciation Dt(Tc) NSVn Total  (4  to  8)  ? 6 Discount  Factor  @  9. 5% Present  Value Present  Value  of  Hire? Purchase 1. 000 Hence  from  the  above  we  see  that  the  cost  of  the  Hire? Purchase  option  in  Present  value  Term  is  more  that  that  of  the  leasing  option. So  Vishal  Enterprises  should  go  for  Leasing  option  instead  of  Hire  Purchase. Also  if  the  option  of  Purchasing  and  Owning  the  equipment  is  considered,  it  has  a  very  favourable  NPV  and  this  can  be  considered as  the  best  option  for  Vishal  Enterprises. FOSSILS 2

Free and Open Elections Are the Cornerstone to Any Democracy Essay

Free and open elections are the cornerstone to any democracy. The citizens of the United States have fought for years to increase this right to everyone, but also keep each vote as strong as the next. However, it has become obvious to many that their voting power is being shortened each election cycle. Money and influence from powerful, wealthy interest groups and corporations have made their way into politicians’ coffers in the form of major campaign contributions. This system has resulted in voters calling for further campaign finance reform including more regulation of election funding and a higher level of transparency. When it comes to financing presidential campaigns, an entirely new playbook is being written. The traditional yardstick, the money raised by individual candidates, may countless this time. Instead hundreds of millions of dollars may come from a relatively new political animal, the Super PAC. This financing vehicle sprang up in the wake of a 2010 Supreme Court decision, Citizens United, which wiped away limits on corporate and labor union campaign spending (1). Super PAC is a term to describe the new independent-expenditure-only committees that form to fund issues and specific canidates. Basically, the Citizens United decision said that labor unions and corporations could spend unlimited amounts of money independently of candidates to convince voters to vote for or against someone. There is a lot of money that can be raised and spent on independent advertising along with other things. A very important point is this can all be done without coordinating with the candidates (1). A candidate’s ability to raise money on his or her own does still count for a lot. Financial reports released this weekend show Texas Gov. Rick Perry outpacing his Republican rivals, hauling in more than $17 million for the third quarter. With $15 million in the bank, he put away half-a-million dollars more than former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney, who pulled in $14 million during the same period 2). No other major GOP contenders raised as much. Ron Paul was next with more than $8 million, but the rest raised substantially less and also had far less cash on hand 2). As for the man they all hope to replace, President Obama brought in nearly $43 million last quarter. And by the end of September, the incumbent Democrat had $61 million in the bank, more than all the Republicans combined 2). Some of that will likely be spent responding to attack ads from the new super PACs, like this one from the conservative group American Crossroads airing in North Carolina and Virginia (2). In just the last three months, according to the filings, the Obama campaign has spent more on payroll, more than $4 million, than several of the Republican candidates have raised 3). Fundraising in a post Citizen United world is characterized by a system of public secrecy and private disclosure 5). There are no current laws that prohibit any organization from spending large sums of money supporting a candidate and remaining private, while keeping the public in the dark. The most significant innovation is the rise of so-called Super Pacs, which can solicit unlimited contributions. These Super-Pacs would have happened without Citizens United. The organizational entrepreneurs that pioneered the Super Pac form, Speech Now, came up with this idea in 2007 and pursued this strategy long before Citizens United (1). A majority of the candidates campaigning in Iowa for the Republican Party’s presidential nomination are associated with at least one super PAC — one candidate had seven at last count 4). They are expected to pump hundreds of thousands — possibly millions — of dollars into political advertising leading up to Iowa’s Jan. 3 Republican Party caucuses and through other presidential primary contests continuing into next year 4). Fundraising numbers are important because they help generate buzz and excitement, and because in politics, money makes more money. It is unclear what problem, increased corporate disclosure is designed to solve, and given the past track record of campaign finance reform, there is good reason to be skeptical that disclosure will improve the political process at all. Research shows that campaign finance reform typically fails at achieving its intended ends 4). To give just one example, â€Å"clean elections† laws, under which candidates receive government subsidies in exchange for forgoing private contributions, did not change politics in states like Maine and Arizona, and earlier this year the Supreme Court ruled that the most popular version of these laws to be unconstitutional (1). It has been said that to evaluate the political effects of Citizens United (CU) by itself is a fool’s errand. It was the latest (and not the last) in a series of libertarian campaign finance cases from the Roberts Court (1). Much of the alleged consequences of that case are activities (such as unlimited spending by corporations on candidate related ads that shied away from specific messages of endorsement) these ads were also legal the day before the Court decided that case. Though certain activities by corporations may have been allowed even before CU, the extent of the decision has made such activities more likely (1). These ads are now sanctioned as core First Amendment activity. This decision points the definition of corruption away from inconsistent access and toward bribery. This seems to remove the appearance of corruption as a compelling target of campaign finance reform (1). The Court’s post-CU decision in the Arizona Free Enterprise v. Bennett struck down a public campaign funding scheme that also showed the broader implications of this ruling. Those cases have will have consequences beyond campaign finance because they raise important questions as to how and when laws burden on speech (1). The firestorm of public criticism that followed CU was unique. Campaign finance decisions do not usually rise to a level where the public pays attention to such cases (let alone to have a case mentioned in a State of the Union address) (1). One of the effects that the Citizens United decision had on politics worth mentioning is the almost flawless transition of â€Å"good government† groups from advocating for more direct limits on speech (1). Large, publicly traded corporations might be less likely to get involved in election financing than many people tend to assume – particularly if that involvement must be publicly disclosed (1). A recent study concludes that sixty percent of companies in the S & P 100 Index have already responded to CU by prohibiting spending corporate money on politics or disclosing their direct polit ical spending (1). Such spending could alienate potential customers; it could also trigger a shareholder backlash. Privately-held companies or those controlled by a single shareholder, are probably more likely to engage in election spending. On the other side, those who favor the status quo argue that tighter rules on these funds constitute a clear violation of First Amendment rights. The one good thing about this law is Justice Anthony Kennedy, reading from his majority opinion, emphasized that â€Å"Congress may not censor or regulate political speech, whether it is a person doing the talking or a corporation or union.† â€Å"At the core of the First Amendment,† Kennedy said, â€Å"and laws banning speech, infringe those basic constitutional protections.† Kennedy also pointed out that â€Å"under those laws,† â€Å"Congress also could diminish the voice of the media business if it chose.† â€Å"Government,† he said, â€Å"may not suppress political speech based on a speaker’s identity† 7). One group that supports Texas Governor Rick Perry, known as Make Us Great Again Inc., started the flow last week, buying nine days of advertising spots on local television to introduce the governor to Iowa Republicans 4). Des Moines television stations WHO, KCCI and WOI sold advertising slots that began Nov. 2 and ran through Friday for a combined $60,000 4). The Des Moines purchase was part of an overall $200,000 spent to air the 30-second spot in television markets across the stat. Meanwhile, the 9-9-9 Fund, a Super PAC aligned with former Godfather’s Pizza CEO Herman Cain, reported last week to the Federal Elections Commission that it had spent $5,000 for Internet advertising in Iowa and another $20,000 for contact calling to Iowa voters(4). And it isn’t just the Republican presidential candidates getting support from super PACs. Priorities USA Action, a committee formed by supporters of President Barack Obama, raised $3.1 million in its first six months and has spent $1.3 million. That super PAC recently began airing advertising on the Internet that is highly critical of Mitt Romney (4). Super PACs have much more muscle than other types of political action committees they have unlimited money-raising potential. Presidential campaigns can raise no more than $5,000 from an individual donor — $2,500 each for the primary and general elections, under federal election rules (4). Super PACs don’t have such restrictions, allowing them to raise and spend significantly more money. Obama campaign officials say their goal is to raise a combined $60 million in contributions to the campaign and the Democratic National Committee (3).That figure will likely top all of the Republican candidates combined. While they are courting large donors, campaign officials also are hoping to show that Obama has the same kind of broad appeal he did in 2008, when a record four million people donated to his campaign. President Obama is using his early lead in campaign fund-raising to bankroll a grass-roots organization and information technology system that is critical in general election battlegrounds. He is doing so even as the Republican candidates conserve cash and jockey for position in what could become a drawn-out nominating battle(3). Since the beginning of the year, Mr. Obama and the Democratic National Committee, for which the president is helping raise money to finance his party’s grass-roots efforts, have spent close to $87 million in operating costs, according to a New York Times analysis of campaign finance reports filed with the Federal Election Commission (3). That amount is about as much as all the current Republican candidates together have raised so far in this campaign. In recent months, that money has helped open campaign offices in at least 15 states. In contrast, the best-financed Republican candidates, Mitt Romney and Gov. Rick Perry of Texas, have physical presences in just a handful of early primary states like New Hampshire, South Carolina and Florida (5). Mr. Obama has spent millions of dollars investing in social media and information technology, applying a savvy and brute technological force to raising small-dollar donations. This same system is also firing up volunteers and building an infrastructure to sustain his re-election campaign for the next year (5). Mr. Obama brings unmatched financial resources to the campaign trail, and a team that is knowledgeable of where and how to deploy money, people and technology. Though the Republican National Committee has enjoyed strong fund-raising in recent months, it is also still paying down large debts incurred during the 2008 cycle. At the end of September, the committee was still $14.5 million in debt, according to campaign reports (3). Independent spending on negative or positive advertising has proven effective in making some races more competitive. Traditional fundraising by political parties has helped develop the traditional grass-roots organizing essential to winning elections. The United States does not have the kind of disclosure system that would inform the public about exactly who provided for the ads, but existing law do require each sponsor of such ads to disclose how much was spent. The movement for more reform has taken a sudden and drastic turn back due to the recent Citizens United v. Federal Election Committee ruling. This ruling has thrown decades of reform out the window, and opened the door for a flood of election money this country has not yet witnessed. Also, the lack of oversight into nonprofit organizations has hampered the transparency in elections. This decision will ultimately hurt the U.S. economy, allow greater corporate and non-profit political influence, and cause increased political indifference within an already weary general public (6). Because of corporate money funding campaigns, it is nearly impossible for an unknown to run in any major election. With all the money donated to front-runners, someone from the general public doesn’t stand a chance. In addition to the amount of money spent, it has become increasingly difficult to trace its origins due to non-profit organizations not having to disclose who their donors are. It is imperative that we as voters be informed.